Respiratory System Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Main function of respiratory system
A
Supply O2 to tissues, remove CO2
2
Q
components of respiratory system
A
upper-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
lower- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
3
Q
functional divisions
A
conducting zone and respiratory zone
4
Q
function of conducting zone
A
cleanses, humidifies, warms air and ducts
5
Q
respiratory zone function
A
site of gas exchange, aveoli, bronchioles
6
Q
conducting zone parts
A
nasal cavity, nasal conchae, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carnia
7
Q
nasal conchae
A
increase mucosal surface which provides more mucous interaction with turbulent air and traps more dust particles
8
Q
olfactory mucosa
A
lines superior region of the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located
9
Q
respiratory mucosa
A
lines the rest of nasal cavity
10
Q
epithelium of respiratory mucosa
A
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattred goblet cells
11
Q
epithelia
A
ciliated and cause waves of mucos toward throat for swallowing
12
Q
if the cilia is cold
A
the nose drips
13
Q
if nose becomes red
A
blood vessel engorge with blood to warm air
14
Q
paranasal sinus
A
surround nasal cavity and warms and moistens air to produce mucus that drains into nasal cavity
15
Q
parts of the nasal cavity
A
nasal conchane, olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa, epithelelia
16
Q
pharynx
A
connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus, 5”
17
Q
3 divisions of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
18
Q
nasopharynx
A
posterior to nasal cavity, only an airway lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, tonsils and closed off during swallowing
19
Q
oropharynx
A
posterior to oral cavity, both food and air so stratified squamous
20
Q
larygopharynx
A
posterior to epiglottis, continous with esophagus, both food and air so stratified squamous
21
Q
larynx
A
attached to hyoid, on top of trachea, behind laryngeal prominence, epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified
22
Q
functions of larynx
A
open airway, ensures air and food go into correct channels and voice production
23
Q
voice production
A
vocal folds are elastic fibers that make sound when air rushes over them
24
Q
higher pitch
A
shorter vocal folds, vibrate faster
25
lower pitch
longer vocal folds, vibrate slower
26
valsalva's maneuver
vocal folds act as sphincter and close off trachea, occurs when we cough, sneeze, gag, vomit
27
process of valsalvas manuever
glottis closes-abdominal muscles contract-pressure rises
28
Trachea
decends into mediatimun dividing into two bronchi
29
walls of trachea
mucosa, submucosa, adventita
30
mucosa
pseudostratfied ciliated epithelia with goblet cells, cilia propel debreis
31
submucosa
CT, lots of serous and mucos glands
32
Adventita
CT, reinforced by hyaline cartilage, stretches during inhalation, recoils during exhalation
33
carnia
last piece of tracheal cartilage before it splits
34
right main bronchus is ___ than the left
shorter and wider
35
how does the bronchus divide
into secondary broncus-tertiary bronchi-bronchioles
36
as bronchi get smaller
cartilage disappears, epithelium becomes cuboidal, mucous production decreases
37
Respiratory zone
begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles to aveolar ducts to aveolar sacs to aveoli
38
aveoli
type 1 and 2 cells, pores, macrophages
39
external surface of aveoli
covered by capallaries and elastic fibers
40
type 1 cells
single layered squamous epithelial cells
41
type 2 cells
cuboidal cells, secrete surfacant onto epithelium
42
surfactant
interupts polar force of H2O that coats aveolar walls to decrease surface tension
43
aveolar pores
equalize air pressure
44
macrophages
crawl freely on surface to keep aveoli sterile
45
Respiratory membrane
aveolar membrane and basal lamina and capillary membrane
46
apex of lung
beneath clavicle
47
base of lung
sits on diaphragm
48
hilum of lung
medial surface through which blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves, bronchi enter and exit
49
Segments of right lung
10
50
segments of left lung
8-10
51
what serves each segment
tertiary bronchus, pulmonary art and vein, bronchial artery, nerves, lymphatic vessel
52
what sections each lung
CT into pyramid shaped bronchopulmonary segments
53
CT walls help..
confine spread or disease
54
lung lobules
smallest visile subdivision
55
stroma
rest of lung tissue, mainly elastic CT
56
blood supply of lungs
pulmonary, bronchial
57
pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood for oxygenation in pulmonary capillaries, returns via pulmonary veins
58
pressure and volume in pulmonary
low pressure, high volume
59
bronchial circulation
provides oxygenated blood to lung tissue except aveoli
60
steps of bronchial circulation
bronchial arteries branch from aorta, enter hilum, and run along bronchi to deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue
61
what returns bronchial blood to heart
many anastomes between bronchial and pulmonary, blood returns to heart via pulmonary
62
nerve supply
afferent and efferent
63
afferent nerves
visceral sensory to the brain, pain
64
efferent nerves
para, bronchial constriction
sym-bronchia dilation
65
pleurae
double layered serosa membrane, parietal and visceral, secrete fluid in cavity
66
parietal pleurae
covers thoracic wall
67
visceral pleura
covers lungs
68
pleurisy
lack of fluid in pleura
69
daltons law
the total pressure exerted by air is the sum of the pressures of each of the gasses in the air
70
pressure in the lunch
760 mm Hg
71
nitrogen pressure
597
72
oxygen pressure
159
73
CO2 pressure
0.3 mm Hg
74
H2O pressure
3.7 mm Hg
75
intraoulmonary pressure
pressure in the alveoli, flucuates
76
intrapleural pressure
pressure in the pleura pressure, always negative
77
why is intrapleural pressure negative
because the pleural cavity is sealed but the two serosal membranes are trying to seperate from each other
78
Ventilating the lungs
when the volume of the air in thoracic cavity changes
79
pressure___ when you inhale, pressure ___ when you exhale
decrease, increases
80
boyle's law
PV=PV
as pressure decreases, volume increases
as pressure increases, volume decreases
81
inspiration
pressure in lung must decrease, therefore volume must increase
82
causes of volume of lunch increasing
diaphragm contracts and moves down and flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, lift ribs up
83
inspiration decreases ___ and ___
intrapulmonary and intrapleural
84
expiration
pressure in lungs must increase, therefore volume decreases
85
causes of volume decreasing
diaphragm relaxes and move upwards, external intercostal muscles relax
86
expiration increases ____ and ___
intrapulmonary and intrapleaural
87
factors influencing ventilation
airway resistance, aveolar tension forces, lung compliance
88
airway resistance
the wider the lumen, the lower the resistance
89
fisrt part of conducting zone resistance
bronchi has a wide lumen and extensive branching so the resistance is very low
90
medium sized bronchi
greatest resistance
91
smallest bronchi
diffusion is main driving force so resistance is not an issue
92
bronchoconstriction
para, gettting smaller
93
bronchodialation
sym, gettingbigger
94
aveolar tension forces
forces want to collapse the alveoli due to high surface tension of water which is reduced by surfacant
95
lung compliance
stretchiness, the ease which lungs can expand, reduce by fibrosis
96
respiratory voumes
tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume
97
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled then exhaled during quiet breathing, 500 ml
98
inspratory reserve volume
what you can inhale above 500
99
expiratory reserve volume
what you can blow out over 500
100
residual volume
what is always left inside your lungs
101
inspiratory capacity
volume of air inhaled after tidal
102
functional residual capacit
volume of air remaining in lungs after tidal exhalation
103
vital capacity
the volume of exchangeable air
104
total lung capacity
sum of all four
105
spirometer
can measure the rate at which air enters and exits the lung, show respirator function
106
forced vital capacity
measures how quickly the vital capacity can be expelled
107
forced expiratory capacity
the amount of air expelled during specific time intervales
108
minute ventilation
the amount of air that flows in and our of the respiratory system per minute
109
quiet breathing
500 ml/breath at 12 breaths/min
110
during vigrous exercise
200 l/min
111
alveolar ventilation rate
more accurate measurement takes into account the air that remains in the conducting zone
112
AVR equation
AVR= frequency X TV(dead space)
113
What do we inhale into the lungs
PO2=160
PCO2= 0.3
114
what goes into the alveoli
PO2= 104
PCO2= 40
115
Oxygen in lungs
O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, and returned to the heart
116
PO2 in alveoli
104 mm Hg
117
PO2 entering the capillaries
100 mm Hg
118
Carbon dioxide in the lungs
CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
119
PCO2 in the blood
45 mm Hg
120
PCO2 entering the alveoli
40mm Hg
121
Oxygen in the tissues
O2 diffuses from blood into the tissue cells, then blood leaves tissues to go back to alveoli
122
PO2 in arteries
100 mm Hg
123
PO2 blood leaves the tissues
less then 40 mm Hg
124
Carbon Dioxide in the tissues
CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood and is going back to the alveoli
125
PCO2 in the tissues
less then 45 mmHG
126
PCO2 leaving the tissues
45 mm Hg
127
ventilation
air flow
128
perfusion
blood flow
129
ventilation-perfusion coupling
ventilation-perfusion must be matched to ensure that the blood leaving the lungs fully oxygenated
130
low ventilation
low Po2 and high PCO2, terminal arterioles constrict and blood is redirected, bronchioels dilate to allow CO2 to be exhaled more easily
131
high ventilation
high PO2 and low PCO2, terminal arterioles dilate and increase blood flow; O2 goes into lungs easier and bronchiles constrict
132
oxyhemoglobin
O2 binds to hemoglobin
133
Deoxyhemoglobin
HHb is reduced hemoglobin, no O2
134
When PO2 is 104, how saturated is the HB?
100% saturated
135
what happens as blood flows through systemic capillaries?
the Hb drops 25% of O2
136
at 40 mmHg, what happens with Hb
first O2 is droped
137
what changes Hb affinity for O2?
temp, blood, pH, PCO2
138
when temp increases...what happens to Hb affinity
affinity decreases so O2 offloads before PO2 reaches 40 mmHg, curve shifts right
139
When temp decreases, what happens to Hb affinity?
When temp decreases, affinity increases so O2 offloads after 40 mmHg, curve shifts left
140
When PCO2 or pH is increased, what happens to Hb affinitiy?
affinity decreases, offloads before 40, curve shifts right
141
When PCO2 or pH is decreased, what happens to Hb affinitiy?
affinity increases, so offloads after 40, shifts left
142
3 ways of carbon dioxide transport
dissolved in plasma- 7-10%
bound to Hb-carbamino 20%
in plasma as bicarbonate-70%
143
equation of bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <---> H + HCO3
144
chloride shift
HCO3 diffuses out of RBC, so Cl replaces the negative charge in the plasma
145
enzyme of bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase
146
carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 + Hb ----> HbCO2
147
Blood pH buffers
buffered by Hb or other proteins
148
what happens if H ions levels rise
ions will combine with HCO3 to make H2CO3, this removes H and normalizes pH
149
what happens if H levels drop
ions will be produced when H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3 + H
150
what effect does shallow breathing have
increased CO2--> increased H2CO3---> decreased pH of blood ---> acidosis
151
acidosis
pH of 7.2
152
what effec does deep or rapid breathing have?
decreased CO2 ---> decreased H2CO3 ---> increased pH of blood----> alkalosis
153
alkalosis
pH 7.6
154
Control of respiration
medullary respiratory centers, pontine, VRG and DRG
155
VRG
ventral respiratory group
156
when inspiratory neurons fire, the VRG,...
EPSP are sent along the phernic and intercostal nerves
external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
thorax explands
air moves in
157
when expiratory neurons fire the VRG...
IPSP along the phernic and intercostal nerves stop
External intercostals and diaphragm relax
thorax reduces in volume
air moves out
158
DRG
dorsal respiratory group, integrates input from stretch and chemo Rs and send to VRG
159
nromal respiratory rhythm
12-15 times/min
160
inhalation time
2 s
161
exhalation time
3 s
162
eupnea
normal rate and rhythm
163
apnea
not breathing
164
orthopnea
inability to breath lying down
165
cheyne-stokes breathing
abnormal breathing pattern just before death
166
VRG suppressants
sleeping pills, morphine, alcohol
167
Pontine Respiratory centers
pons, modify the acticity of medullary neurons, smooth out transition from inhalation to exhalation
168
what transmits pulses to VRG
Pontine respiratory group, fine tunes rhythm generated during vocalization, sleep, exercise
169
chemical factors
levels CO2, O2, H, detected by chemoreceptors
170
what is the most potent chemical for control of respiration?
CO2
171
hypercapnia
high levels of CO2
172
What happens if CO2 levels rise too high?
H2CO3 dissociates, H ions excite central chemo R in medulla, hyperventilation that flushes out excess CO2
173
how does PO2 influence breathing
indirectly by changing peripheral chemo R sensitiviity to PCO2
174
Herring-Breuer inflation reflex
protective mechanism that prevents excess stretching of lungs, when baroreceptors in visceral pleurae send impulses to medulla, inspiration is stopped
175
hypothalmic
emotion, pain, temp
176
cortical
exert conscious contol, cerebral motor neurons bypass medulla
177
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
irrevisable dyspnea, coughing, respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia
178
emphysema
breakdown of alveolar walls
179
chronic bronchitis
distinguesd by excessive mucos production and inflamed bronchi
