Immunology

Question 1

4 Concentrated Immune Locations

Answer 1

Spleen
Thymus
Lymph Nodes/Nodules
Tonsils

Question 2

2 Divisions of Immune System

Answer 2

Cell-mediated - T Cells

Ab Response - B Cells

Question 3

Derivations of T and B Cells

Answer 3

Precursors from bone marrow, T cells mature in thymus while Bs do in bone marrow

Question 4

Difference between B and Plasma Cells

Answer 4

B Cells undifferentiated, mature into plasmas once exposed to specific antigen

Question 5

3 Immune Cell Types

Answer 5

Lymphocytes (Ts and Bs)
Plasma cells
Ag presenting cells (macrophages etc)

Question 6

5 T Cell Subtypes and Function

Answer 6

Cytotoxic - kill cells directly
Helper - help B cells
Suppressor - suppress B cells
Memory - remember antigens/viruses
Natural Killer Cells - kill viruses

Question 7

3 T Cell Surface Markers

Answer 7

T-cell receptor (TCR)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
CD (Cluster of differentiation) antigens (CD4,8)

Question 8

T-Cell Receptors

Answer 8

Bind antigen-presenting/target cells

Question 9

Major Histocompatibility Complex (def & 2 types)

Answer 9

Self-ID badge
MHC-I: all cells
MHC-II: ag-presenting cells, B cells

Question 10

Cytokines (def and 3/4 subtypes)

Answer 10

Small, soluble proteinaceous secretions usually from T-Cells including interleukins, colony stimulating factors, TNF/TGF

Question 11

2 Kinds of B Cells

Answer 11

Plasma cells - immunoglobulin production

B-Memory Cells

Question 12

Humoral immune response simplified pathway

Answer 12

Ag-presenting cell presents to/activates helper T cell, releases interleukins to stimulate proliferation/maturation of B cells

Question 13

IgE

Answer 13

Stimulates mast cell granule release

Question 14

Thymus Location

Answer 14

Anterior mediastinum

Question 15

Immunologically Privileged

Answer 15

Contains parts unseen by immune system, like thymus, brain, testes

Question 16

2 Areas of Thymus

Answer 16

Cortex - immunologically privileged, where Ts grow and develop
Medulla

Question 17

Hassall’s Corpsucles

Answer 17

Round remnants of dying reticular cells in thymus

Question 18

Blood-Thymus Barrier Setup (2)

Answer 18

Reticular cell sets up another epithelial layer around perivascular space outside of capillaries so that blood can’t diffuse through. Also no afferent lymphatics coming in - not a filter

Question 19

Thymic-Dependent Areas

Answer 19

Locations T-Cells targeted to upon leaving thymus, including lymph nodes, nodules, and spleen

Question 20

5 Regions (ext.-int.) of Lymph Node + Contents

Answer 20

Subscapular sinus: afferent lymph vessels, macrophages
Outer cortex: Lymph nodules (germinal centers), mainly B cells
Inner Cortex: mainly T cells
Medulla: Medullary cords, medullary sinuses
Hilum: Efferent lymph vessels and vasculature

Question 21

Subcapsular Space 2 Functions

Answer 21

First line of defense w/ macrophages, can chew up to present to B cells just behind them
Spread lymph out

Question 22

High Endothelial Venules

Answer 22

Cuboidal epithelially-lined venules in lymph nodes that allow things to cross between blood and lymph circulations (like B cells in response to pathogen)

Question 23

3 Functions of Spleen

Answer 23

Red blood cell destruction
Blood filter
Lymphocyte activation

Question 24

4 Spleen Components

Answer 24

Capsule - DIRC tissue
Trabeculae - invaginations of capsule carrying blood vessels
Red pulp - interspersed
White pulp - localized nodule

Question 25

Structure of White Pulp (4)

Answer 25

Splenic nodules (germinal centers). Have marginal zone filled with Bs and Ts, surrounding periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS) filled with T cells which surrounds central artery (which is usually eccentric)

Question 26

3 Contents of Red Pulp

Answer 26

Splenic (Billroth's) cords, plasma cells, macrophages to chew up old RBCs

Question 27

3 Components of Splenic Sinusoids

Answer 27

Epithelial cells, reticular fiber network, incomplete basal lamina (bc sinusoid capillaries)

Question 28

Arterial Blood Supply to Spleen (3)

Answer 28

Splenic artery branches into trabecular arteries which give off central arteries passing through white pulp which terminate as penicillar arteries in red pulp to become capillaries

Question 29

Venous Drainage of Spleen (3)

Answer 29

Small pulp veins, trabecular veins, then splenic vein

Question 30

Lymph Nodules

Answer 30

Scattered lymph tissues throughout body

Question 31

Two types of Mucous-Associated Lymph Tissue (MALT)

Answer 31

GALT (gastrointestinal) and BALT (bronchial)

Question 32

Peyer's Patch

Answer 32

Lymph nodule in ileum

Question 33

4 Tonsils

Answer 33

Pharyngeal in back of nose 2 Palatine along side Lingual behind tongue

Question 34

Pharyngeal Tonsils Crypts/Epithelium

Answer 34

No crypts | Respiratory epithelium

Question 35

Palatine Tonsils Crypts/Epithelium

Answer 35

10-20 crypts | Stratified squamos epithelium

Question 36

Linguial Tonsils Crypts/Epithelium

Answer 36

One crypt | Stratified squamos epithelium

Question 37

Crypt

Answer 37

Invagination of membrane to create more surface area

Question 38

Lymphomas

Answer 38

Lymphocytes that have lost regulatory mechanisms and are dividing too rapidly

Question 39

DiGeorge Syndrome

Answer 39

B cell mediated response but no T cell mediated response

Question 40

Agammaglobulinemia

Answer 40

T cells present but no B cells

Question 41

Combined Immunodeficiency

Answer 41

No B or T cells, bubble kids