Respiratory System

Question 1

7 Parts of Conducting Portion of Respiratory System

Answer 1

Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Question 2

Tidal System

Answer 2

Goes both ways, not circular or unidirectional system. Inefficient so things can collect/grow

Question 3

3.1 Parts of Respiratory Portion

Answer 3

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts (which terminate into alveolar sacs)
Alveoli

Question 4

6 Functions of Respiratory System

Answer 4

Exchange of O2 and CO2
Acid-base balance
Body temp reg
Olfaction
Vocalization
Filtration and immune defense

Question 5

Typical Respiratory Epithelium

Answer 5

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ lots of goblet cells

Question 6

5 Types of Cells in Typical Respiratory Epithelium (& functions)

Answer 6

Ciliated columnar
Goblet
Brush - has microvilli
Basal - stem cell, on basement membrane but not all way through
Small Granule - enteroendocrine

Question 7

Trends Moving Throughout Respiratory Tract

Answer 7

Goblet cells decrease, ending by terminal bronchioles before lose cilia (so mucous doesn’‘t get stuck)
Lose cartilage changing from bronchi to bronchioles
Gain smooth muscle and elastic fibers, replacing support from cartilage

Question 8

Vestibule

Answer 8

Front of nasal cavity, has hair to catch big things

Question 9

Conchae (Turbinates)

Answer 9

Shelves of bone in nasal cavity proper w/ epithelial mucous membrane to increase SA of cavity and air gets warmed/humidified

Question 10

Swell Bodies

Answer 10

Structures in nasal cavity that fill up w/ blood to regulate which nostril you’re breathing out of and provide heat for heat exchange

Question 11

Olfactory Epithelium Location

Answer 11

Only on upper surface of nasal cavity

Question 12

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 12

Air filled spaces around nasal cavity

Question 13

Vestibular Folds

Answer 13

False vocal folds in larynx w/ respiratory epithelium

Question 14

Vocal Folds Epithelia

Answer 14

Stratified squamos epithelium

Question 15

Bronchi Cartilage

Answer 15

Not ring like trachea, instead cartilage plates kind of randomly distributed

Question 16

Bronchi Epithelium

Answer 16

Typical respiratory, but not as thick or robust

Question 17

2 Determinants of Bronchioles

Answer 17

<5mm diameter

No cartilage

Question 18

2 Supports for Bronchioles

Answer 18

Smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 19

Bronchiole Epithelium

Answer 19

Gets less complex as move distally

Question 20

Terminal Bronchiole Structure (3)

Answer 20

Simple cuboidal (occasionally columnar) epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle w/ no cartilage

Question 21

Bronchiolar Exocrine Cells

Answer 21

Cells interspersed in terminal bronchiole epithelium, pale w/ little dots

Question 22

Dividing line b/w terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 22

Once alveoli sticking out, it’s respiratory

Question 23

Alveolar Duct Epithelium

Answer 23

Not lining of epithelium, just island rings of it

Question 24

Alveolar Sac

Answer 24

Deadend cul-de-sac of alveoli at end of alveolar duct

Question 25

Type I Alveolar Cells (5)

Answer 25

Squamous alveolar Not many # of cells, but almost all of surface area Thin walled Pinocytotic vessels Desmosomes and occluding junctions between cells

Question 26

Fused Basal Lamina

Answer 26

Capillary and PM of Type I squamos cell fuse together so O2/CO2 don't have to cross cyt for transfer, just membranes and fused basal lamina

Question 27

Type II Alveolar Cells (4)

Answer 27

Septal or Great Alveolar Cells Precursors for Type I or more Type IIs Vesicular "foamy" cyt w/ lamellar bodies Release surfactant

Question 28

Surfactant

Answer 28

Phospholipid layer which coats all alveoli that reduces surface tension so alveolus can stay open

Question 29

Lamellar Bodies

Answer 29

Where surfactant is produced in Type II alveolar cells

Question 30

3.1 Supporting Tissue Cells of Alveoli

Answer 30

``` Capillary endothelial cells Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) Fibroblasts/mast cells - supporting connective tissue ```

Question 31

Capillary endothelial cells

Answer 31

Thin walled cells lining capillaries in alveoli to allow gas exchange via pinocytotic vesicles

Question 32

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) (2)

Answer 32

Phagocytize inhaled debris "Heart Failure Cells" - heart failure increases lung pressure, bleed out into lungs, macrophages clean it up and will stain w/ RBC products

Question 33

Alveolar Pores

Answer 33

Holes that allow for intercommunication/air flow b/w alveoli

Question 34

Pleura

Answer 34

Squamos mesothelial cells on connective tissue of collagen/elastic fibers

Question 35

Blood/Lymph Vessels and Nerves of Lungs

Answer 35

Follow same path as bronchi-bronchioles

Question 36

Asthma (2)

Answer 36

Constrictions of smooth muscle in bronchi, NOT a problem w/ respiration, a problem w/ conduction

Question 37

Innervation

Answer 37

Controls conduction, NOT respiration. No innervation to alveoli

Question 38

Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Hyaline Membrane Disease (2)

Answer 38

Usually in premature newborns, lungs not fully developed so defect in surfactant production = collapsed lungs. Affects respiratory system, not conduction

Question 39

Emphysema (2)

Answer 39

Respiratory, not conducting problem | Damage to alveoli (usually elastic fibers) and lose them, so big open pockets instead of small ones so decreased SA

Question 40

Smoking Metaplasia

Answer 40

Irritated by smoke, respiratory epithelium tries to change to stratified squamos (metaplasia), can eventually lead to cancerous neoplasia

Question 41

3 Other Pulmonary Effects of Smoking

Answer 41

Loss of cilia Mucous gland hyperplasia Increased # of goblet cells

Question 42

Kartagener's Syndrome

Answer 42

Immotile cilia syndrome, nonfunctional dynein arms, mucous buildup in lungs (resp infections and such)

Question 43

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 43

Conducting, not respiratory | Mutant chloride channels cause mucous buildup blocking off respiratory tract