Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
3 Ways to Classify Glands
A
Type of secretory product
How they secrete their product
Structure of gland
2
Q
3 Glands based on Secretory Product
A
Mucous
Serous
Mixed (mucous w/ serous demilunes)
3
Q
3 Glands based on Mode of Secretion
A
Merocrine - small vesicles, no cyt loss
Apocrine - large vesicles, some cyt loss
Holocrine - destruction of whole cell
4
Q
Goblet Cell full description based on 3 gland criteria
A
Unicellular, mucous secreting, merocrine secretion
5
Q
4 Glands based on Morphology
A
Unicellular
Simple Multicellular
Compound Multicellular
Myoepithelial
6
Q
Tubular Gland
A
Straight gland off single/multiple ducts
7
Q
Acinar Gland
A
Small cluster of cells at base of gland
8
Q
Tubuloacinar gland
A
Only in compound glands, have tubular and acinar secreting portions
9
Q
Metaplasia
A
Problem with cell (especially epithelial) renewal when replacement cell changes what it should be and turns into wrong type of cell
10
Q
Kartagener’s Syndrome
A
Immotile cilia syndrome, usually because dynein arms don’t contract appropriately
11
Q
2 Components of Connective Tissue
A
Cells
EC Matrix
12
Q
3 Components of EC Matrix
A
Tissue Fluid (solvent) Ground substance (kind of glue) Fibers
13
Q
4 Functions of Connective Tissue
A
Support
Repair
Defense (immune)
Nutrition (storage and transport)
14
Q
Parenchyma
A
Functional aspect of tissue, like epithelium, nerve, muscle
15
Q
Stroma
A
Supportive aspect of tissue, like connective tissue (provide nutrition and oxygen and other shit)
16
Q
3 Functions of Ground Substance
A
Glue, lubricant, or barrier
17
Q
2 Major Compounds Making up EC Matrix
A
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
18
Q
Hyaluronic acid
A
Glycosaminoglycans that kills bacteria
19
Q
Glycosaminoglycans
A
Bottle brush structures that fill out EC space
20
Q
Glycoproteins
A
Help bind cells to fibers/stroma
21
Q
2 Important Notes about Collagen Synthesis
A
Precursor procollagen made intracellulary, but shipped outside cell for maturation/assembly
Vitamin C dependent
22
Q
2 Proteins in Elastic Fibers
A
Fibrillin (structural component) and elastin (stretchy component)
23
Q
2 Lymphocyte Derivatives
A
B Cells or T Cells
24
Q
3 Visual Traits for Plasma Cells
A
Clockface nucleus
Negative golgi
Basophilic cytoplasm
25
3 Visual Traits for Eosinophils
Lots of red granules
Condensed, bilobed nucleus
Black line on vesicles (at least in EM?)
26
2 Actions of Eosinophils
Kill parasites
| Phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes
27
2 Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Tendons and ligaments
28
Wharton's Jelly
Mucous connective tissue, like in umbilical cord
29
Ehler's-Danlos Syndrome
Abnormal collagen, very flexible but not strong structural support
30
Fibrosis/Keloids
Increased collagen production
31
Marfan's Syndrome
Decreased elastic fibers, easily cause aortic aneurysm
32
4 Kinds of Glial Cells
Schwann cells (peripheral myelin producing)
Oligodendrocytes (central myelin producing cells)
Astrocytes (nutritional support)
Microglia (macrophages, immune support)
33
Nissl Bodies
Collection of RER and ribosomes in soma making proteins, making nervous cell cyt stain w/ hematoxylin
34
4 Types of Neurons
Unipolar (just light input, then axon firing out)
Bipolar (one input in and one out)
Multipolar (most common, lots of dendrites and one axon)
Pseudounipolar (fiber comes in, passes cell body and just goes straight though to target usually in CNS)
35
2 Types of Neuronal Communication
Electrical via gap junction
| Chemical via synapse (more common)
36
3 Types of Synapses
Axosomatic, axodendritic, or axoaxonic
37
2 Kinds of Inhibition
Presynaptic and postsynaptic
38
Motor Unit
of Muscle Fibers Innervated per Axon
39
Sole Plate
Depression in Muscle Cell for motor end plate to sit
40
Junctional folds
Folds in postsynaptic cell to increase SA for NTs
41
Schmidt-Lanterman Clefs
Little passages in myelin that most likely allow for diffusion
42
GFAP
Specific protein to astrocytes, can stain for it to see if carcinoma or something is an astrocyte
43
Ependymal Cells
Columnar cells that inside edges of CNS tube and produce cerebrospinal fluid
44
3 Wrappings of PNS Nerves
Endoneurium - wraps individual nerves
Perineurium - wraps a bunch into fascicles
Epineurium - wraps entire nerve, holding fascicles together
45
3 CNS Wrappings (outside in) (Meninges)
Dura mater - thick, connective tissue
Arachnoid mater - spider web of collagenous tissue w/ subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid to flow through
Pia mater - thin collagen right on brain
46
Choroid Plexus
Fluffs of ependymal cells which produce cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood plasma
47
4 Autonomic NT Tendencies
Pregang symp: Ach
Post gang symp: NOR
Both parasymps: Ach
48
3 Ways to Determine Autonomic from Sensory Ganglia
Nucleus - central in S, eccentric in A
Satellite cells right around neuron - a lot in S, a few in A
Shape - circular in S, oval in A
49
Different b/w gray and white matter
White is essentially just myelinated axons and glial cells, gray also has cell bodies and dendrites thrown in
50
Acoustic Neuroma
Schwann cells enlarged and compress nerves, causing hearing problems and facial motor problems
51
Pseudoneuroma
Enlargement/inflammation of glial cells covering axons
52
Muscle Cell Development
Mesenchymal cells-myoblast-multinucleated syncytial myotube
53
Divisions of Muscle (largest to small)
Muscle - fascicles - fibers - myofibrils - myofilaments
54
3 Muscle Wrappings
Epimysium - entire muscle
Perimysium - fascicles
Endomysium - muscle fibers
55
Dystrophin
Holds Z disk to sarcolemma
56
T Tubules
Invagination of sarcolemma into center of muscle cell so it hits each muscle fiber at same time
57
Terminal Cisternae
The two sarcoplasmic reticula on each side of T tubule to make up triad that will bathe everything in calcium
58
Muscle Spindles
Proprioceptory sensory modified skeletal muscle fiber (intrafusal fibers) that sends information about position of the body
59
Intercalated disk
Connection between 2 cardiac muscle cells
60
2 Portions of Intercalated Disk
Transverse portion w/ desmosomes
| Lateral portion w/ gap junctions
61
Location of Dyads and Triads
Triads: A-I Junction
Dyads: Z line
62
Smooth Muscle Dense Bodies
Z line associated protein "anchors" which anchor filaments to smooth muscle wall
63
Caveolae
Calcium storage vesicles along PM in smooth muscle
64
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell #
65
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
66
2 Matrices in EC Matrix of Cartilage
Around cell: territorial matrix w/ little collagen
| Further out: interterritorial matrix rich w/ collagen
67
2 Kinds of Cartilage Growth
Appositional - inward from chondrogenic layer of perichondrium
Interstitial - outward from established chondrocytes
68
Isogenous Group
Group of chondrocytes that all developed from each other via interstitial growth
69
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage without perichondrium
70
2 Layers of Perichondrium/periosteum
Outer fibrous layer
| Inner cellular layer - chondrogenic/osteogenic layer
71
2 Kinds of Osteoblasts
Active (matrix synthesizing, cuboidal) and inactive (bone lining, squamos)
72
Volkmann's Canals
Run perpindicular to osteons in compact bone
73
Structure of Compact Bone (about six things)
Outer circumferential lamellae and inner circumferential lamella
Osteons (Haversian systems) made up of lamellae with Haversian canal w/ blood vessel in middle
Interstitial lamellae in between osteons
74
2 Stages of Bone Development
Primary (immature) bone and secondary (mature bone)
75
2 Methods of Bone Formation
Intramembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (long and short bones)
76
Intramembranous bone formation
Creates little island of formation w/ primary ossification center, bone grows out from there
77
Epiphyseal Plate
Border where primary and secondary ossification centers meet (right at shaft and head of bone)
78
5 Zone of Epiphyseal Plate Growth
```
Zone of Reserve Cartilage
Zone of Proliferation
Zone of Maturation/Hypertrophy
Zone of Calcification
Zone of Ossification
```
79
Bone Repair Mech (5 Steps)
```
Blood Clot
Callus
Cartilage grows in
Primary bone replaces that
Secondary bone replaces primary
```
80
Parathyroid Hormone
Stimulates osteoclasts to take up calcium from bone
81
Vitamin D
Necessary for absorption of calcium
82
Osteoporosis vs. Osteomalacia
Porosis: lose bone mass
Malacia: change composition to less minerals and more collagen
83
Rouleaux
Stacking of erythrocytes
84
Anisocytes
Altered cell size (macro or micro)
85
Poikilocytosis
Altered cell shape
86
3 Kinds of Granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
87
2 Kinds of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
88
3 Distinguishing Characters of Neutrophils
Multi-lobed, heterochromatic nucleus
Pink/clear granules
Possible Barr body
89
Neutrophil Function
Phagocytize bacteria and kill w/ enzymes and free radicals
90
3 Distinguishing Characters of Eosinophils
Large red granules
Bilobed nucleus
Granules have dense core (maybe only on EM?)
91
2 Eosinophil Functions
Kill parasites with major basic protein
| Engulf and destroy Ab-Ag complexes
92
2 Distinguishing Characters of Basophils
Large very dark blue granules
| S-shaped nucleus (usually obscured)
93
Function of Basophils
Initiate inflammation/anaphylaxis via histamine/heparin/Ab binding/leukotriene synthesis
94
2 Distinguishing Characters of Monocytes
Kidney shaped nucleus
| Pale blue cytoplasm w/ no specific granules
95
Function of Monocytes (main and 4)
```
Migrate to tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytosis
Produce cytokines for inflammation
Ag-presenting cells
Multinucleated foreign body giant cells
```
96
2 Distinguishing Characters of Lymphocytes
Round, dense nucleus
| Small, "bluish" cytoplasm
97
3 Fates of Lymphocytes
B Cells - Plasma cells
T cells to kill viral cells
Null cells (stem cells, NK cells)
98
2 Parts of Platelets
Hyalomere - peripheral tubular system to increase SA
| Granulomere - dense core w/ granules/organelles
99
5 Steps of Clotting
```
Endothelial breaks, collagen is exposed to platelets
Platelets aggregate and release granules
Coagulation factors form thrombus
Clot contraction and wound repair
After repair plasmin breaks down clot
```
100
3 Early Sites of Blood Production
Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen
101
2 Kinds of Bone Marrow
Red - active hematopoiesis
| Yellow - inactive, fat saving space
102
4 Steps of Hematopoiesis Cell Differentiation
Stem cells - pleuripotent
Multipotential cells - eiher lymphoid or myeloid, form colonies
Progenitor cells - committed to single cell line
Precursor cells - morphologically distinct
103
Stem Cell (Steel) Factor
Required to for stem cell development, released by stromal cells
104
Erythropoietin
Released by kidney to stimulate RBC production
105
6 Stages of Erythrocyte Development
Proerythroblast - don't have to know
Basophilic erythroblast - large, bluer
Polychromatic erythroblast - "muddy" cytoplasm, "checkerboard" nucleus condensing
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast - redder, dense nucleus
Reticulocyte - no nucleus, stains with special cresyl blue stain. See a lot in blood of pts who are rapidly producing more blood
Erythrocyte - only hb, no ribosomes
106
6 Stages of Granulocytopoiesis
Myeloblast - won't ask
Promyelocyte - won't ask
Myelocyte - condensed round nuc, starts producing specific colored granules
Metamyelocyte - nuc gets kidney shaped, lots of specific granules
Band (stab) - C-shaped nuc. Will see these in blood if body needs more granulocytes
Mature form
107
Leukemia
Bc RBCs aren't working as well, end up producing more and more of them so you lose yellow marrow. Get a left shift in blood - early forms of granulocytes in blood
108
2 Layers of Epicardium
Subepicardial layer - loose connective tissue w/ nerves/vessels fat
Pericardial cavity w/ serous fluid
109
3 Specialized Cardiac Muscle Cells
Purkinje fibers
Hormone containing fibers (w/ ANF)
Pacemaker cells
110
Subendocardial Layer
Just deep to endocardium, contain Purkinje fibers/nerves
111
Three tunics on vessels (inside out)
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
112
3 Components of Tunica Intima
Simple squamos endothelium
Subendothelium
Internal elastic lamina
113
2 Components of Tunica Media
Smooth muscle layers
| External elastic lamina
114
3 Components of Tunica Adventitia
Loose connective tissue
Vessels
Nerves
115
Transcytosis (pinocytosis)
Ability to move things across cell
116
5 Functions for Endothelial Cells
Transcytosis, diapedesis, clotting secretions, vessel tone, blood cell movements
117
Vasa vasorum
vessels that supply vessels
118
Six Elastic Arteries
```
Aorta
Brachiocephalic Artery
L Common Carotid
L Subclavian
Common Iliacs
Pulmonary Trunk
```
119
Metarterioles
Arterioles w/ discontinuous smooth muscle forming capillary sphincter to shut of blood supply
120
Carotid Sinus
Specialized arterial structure that indirectly measures CO2 and O2 levels via BaroR
121
Carotid and Aortic Bodies
Specialized arterial structures that directly measure CO2 and O2 levels via ChemoRs
122
Pericyte
Stem cell adjacent to capillary to act as replacement w/ damage
123
3 Types of Capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal
124
Arteriovenous Anastomoses
Attach arterial and venous systems to each other, bypassing capillary beds
125
Pocket Valves
In medium and large veins to prevent backflow especially against gravity gradient
126
Varicose Veins
Blood pooling around valves in veins, usually from sedentery activity
