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Histology > Tubular Digestion > Flashcards

Tubular Digestion Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

3 Digestive Processes of Oral Cavity

A

Mastication - break up
Lubrication - moisten
Initiate Digestion - amylases for starch

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2
Q

Oral Cavity Epithelium

A

Stratified squamos non-keratinized - moist epithelium

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3
Q

Vermillion Zone

A

Red part of lips; thin so skin can see blood vessels underneath

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4
Q

Hard Palate

A

Bony, anterior separation b/w oral and nasal cavity, usually stratified squamos keratinized epithelium

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5
Q

Soft Palate

A

Muscular, posterior separation b/w oral and nasal cavity which pushes back to prevent swallowing food from going into nose. Usually stratified squamos nonkeratinized

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6
Q

3 Layers of Teeth (outside-in)

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp

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7
Q

Enamel (2)

A

Hardest structure in body

Grows as a child and does not regenerate

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8
Q

Cementum

A

Holds teeth to gums

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9
Q

Tongue (2)

A

Has muscle fibers running in all 3 directions, can move in all 3 plains
Unique epithelial lining - large filiform and fungiform papillae

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10
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Roughened epithelial extensions - grab food and move it

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11
Q

Circumvallate Papillae (3)

A

Large round structures that form “V” on tongue
Separate innervation and blood supply
Hold majority of taste buds in circular grooves

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12
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Mushroom-like structures on tongue w/ some taste buds

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13
Q

5 Taste Sensations

A 
Salty
Sweet
Bitter
Sour
Umami
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14
Q

4 Layers of General Digestive Tube

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa - smooth muscle
Adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

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15
Q

3 Layers of Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa - little smooth muscle that can move epithelium

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16
Q

2 Contents of Submucosa

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

Submucosal glands

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17
Q

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

A

Plexus of nerves in submucosa w/ postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies; so like where vagus synapses

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18
Q

Submucosal Glands

A

Mainly lubrication, but also alkaline barrier glands in esophagus and proximal duodenum against stomach products

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19
Q

3 Layers of Muscularis Externa

A

Inner layer - circular smooth muscle
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus - postganglionic parasympathetic
Outer layer - longitudinal smooth muscle

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20
Q

Adventitia vs. Serosa (4)

A

A: No associated epithelium - S: Simple squamos
A: DIRCT - S: Covers DIRCT layer
A: Holds organ directly to body wall - S: Attached to body wall via mesentery
A: No motion of organs - S: Reduces friction for ease of motion

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21
Q

Esophagus (E,L,S,ME,A/S)

A

Epithelium - nonkeratinized, stratified squamos
Lamina Propria - mucous glands for lubrication
Submucosa - esophageal glands w/ alkaline mucous
Muscularis externa - smooth and skeletal m.
Adventitia above diaphragm, serosa below

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22
Q

Esophageal Muscularis Externa

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal m.
Mid 1/3: Skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth

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23
Q

2 Exceptions to GI Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Esophagus and anus - stratified squamos

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24
Q

Gastroesophageal Junction

A

At “zigzag” line, where stratified squamos epithelium from esophagus turns into simple columnar of stomach. No real muscular sphincter

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25
3 Histological Regions of Stomach (& funtions)
Cardiac - mucous secretion Pyloric - mucous secretion Body-fundus - functional aspect of stomach
26
Gastric Pits (2)
Surface mucous cells in surface of stomach that dip and lead into gastric glands, make thick visible mucous that lines and protects stomach epithelium
27
5 Gastric Glands (superficial-deep)
``` Mucous neck cells Regenerative cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells ```
28
Mucous Neck Cells
make soluble, serous, thin mucous that carries other gastric gland products into lumen
29
Parietal Cells (appearance and 2 functions)
Stain red bc lots of mt pump out lots of hydrogen and chloride - DONT MAKE HCl, IT FORMS OUTSIDE IN LUMEN Also produce Gastric Intrinsic Factor, binds vitamin essential for blood clotting
30
Chief Cells (apperance and function)
Stain darker/basophilic | Produce digestive proenzymes - cleavage takes place in acidic environment
31
Enteroendocrine Cells
Secrete into lamina propria - endocrine cells communicating around GI
32
Regenerative Stem Cells
Replaces upper layer cells rapidly and lower cells slowly
33
Inactive vs. Active Parietal Cells
Can tell be length/extent of canaliculi - increase SA to pump out more H+ and Cl-
34
Stomach Muscularis Externa Layers (4)
Inner oblique Middle circular Myenteric plexus Outer longitudinal
35
2 Sources of Stomach Stimulation
Hormonal | Neural
36
3 SA Increasers in SI (& magnification)
Plicae circulares (2-3x) Villi (10x) Microvilli - 20x
37
Plicae circulares
Folds of entire mucosa, including muscularis
38
Villi
Fingerlike projections that are epithelium + lamina.
39
Lacteals
Tubular lymphatic drainage running through center of villi to drain fats
40
Microvilli
PM of each individual cell w/ actin core
41
Intestinal Glands
Where villi kind of extend back down into muscularis mucosa
42
2 Trends From Duodenum to Ileum
Goblet cell # increase, surface area decreases
43
6 Epithelial Cells in SI (& function)
Surface Absorptive Cells - microvilli Goblet Cells - Mucous Enteroendocrine Cells - GI communication Paneth cells - lysozyme M Cells - Ag presenting to immune cells just behind Regenerative Stem Cells - start at bottom and travel up to slough off
44
Paneth's Cells
In base of gland mainly in ileum, release lysozyme which is essentially antiobiotic
45
SI Submucosal Glands
Duodenal (Brunner's) Glands for alkaline mucous
46
SI Serosa/Adventitia
Duodenum has more adventitia bc retroperitoneal, whereas jejunum and ileum gonna have serosa
47
Crypts of Liberkuhn
Lamina propria intestinal glands
48
4 Functions of SI
Digestion Absorption Secretory Immune Activity
49
Taenia coli
Just outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle on LI but incomplete
50
LI 4 Epithelial Cells
Surface absorptive cells LOTS of Goblet Cells Enteroendocrine cells Regenerative cells
51
2 Functions of LI
Store fecal material and absorb water
52
LI Epithelial Type
Simple columnar
53
3 Features of Appendix
Triangular Lumen Colonic Epithelium Lots of lymph nodules
54
Specific Possible Function of Appendix
Bacterial safehouse
55
Anorectal Junction
Switch from colic simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamos epithelium
56
White Line of Hilton
Transition from nonkeratinized stratified squamos to keratinized
57
End of Muscularis Mucosa
Pectinate Line
58
Anal Musclaris Externa (2)
Internal anal sphincter - smooth, involuntary | External anal sphincter - skeletal, voluntary
59
Hiatal Hernia
Part of stomach herniates into thorax, can cause increase in acid reflux in esophagus and eventually lead to metaplasia
60
Barrett's Esophagus
Burned esophagus from stomach acid
61
Pernicious Anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of gastric intrinsic factor from parietal cells in stomach
62
Cell Dysfunction to Allow Gastric Ulcers
Surface mucous cells
63
Malabsorption/Sprue/Celiac Disease
Gluten can prevent villi formation in SI, decreasing SA and fucking up food digestion/absorption
64
Enteritis
Inflammation of SI, causes lumen to get smaller and bowel constriction
65
Why External Hemorrhoids More Painful
On external skin, so have somatic skin nerve fibers instead of just visceral like internals
66
2 Locations of Submucosal Glands in GI
Esophagus and duodenum

Histology (12 decks)

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