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Flashcards in Immunology Deck (210)
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1
Q

Explain The importance of immunology for human health

A

pg 197, ibook

2
Q

“Summarise the basic principles of immune responses, and the timescales in which they occur.”

A

ibook, pg 197

3
Q

“Define the terms antigen, antibody, B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, naive lymphocyte,memory lymphocytes, aactive and passive immunity, primary and secondary immune responses.”

A

pg 198 ibook

4
Q

“Summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.”

A

pg 199, ibook AND pg 9 Immunology 2 word

5
Q

Describe what happens in the primary and secondary immune response

A

ibook pg 199

6
Q

Explain the relationship between natural selection and the immune system

A

ibook, pg 200

7
Q

Outline how the physical organisation oof the immune system is important for its functiion

A

pg 200,ibook

8
Q

List four things the immune system needs to do

A

immunology 1 slide 2

9
Q

Desctibe three ways Exploitation of the power of the immune system in medicine

A

Immunolgy 1 , pg 3

10
Q

• The immune system identifies and eliminates harmful microorganisms and harmful substances such as toxins by :

A

by distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ (sometimes ‘normal self’ from ‘abnormal self’ in cancer)andby identifying ‘danger’ signals, slide 8 immunlogy 1

11
Q

Explain the evolutionary ‘arms race’ between pathogen and host

A

immunology 1 slid e14

12
Q

Summarise the features and functions of the receptors for the basic strategies used by the immune system to recognise danger and initiate a response.

A

Presentation immunolgy 1 slide 16-21

13
Q

Innate versus adaptive immunity: differentiate between innate and adaptive immune responses, comparing the timescales in which they occur.

A

slide 24

14
Q

What does the innate immune response do?

A

immunology 1 slide 25

15
Q

Recall details of the Effector arms of the adaptive immune response

A

immunology 1 slide 26

16
Q

IRecall nnate and adaptive immune response: main components

A

iimmunology 1 , slide 28

17
Q

Recall details of Generation of clonal diversity in lymphocytes

A

immunology 1 slid e31

18
Q

summarise the concept of clonal selection, and its role in immune responses.

A

immunology 1 sldie 32-33

19
Q

What happens when the antigen is removed in the immune response?

A

immunology 1, slide 34

20
Q

How does the immune response actually clear a pathogen?

A

slid e35,immunology 1

21
Q

Definitions: antigen, immunogen, antibody

A

immunology 1, slid e 36

22
Q

Recall details of Organisation of lymphoid tissues

A

immunology 1 slide 39

23
Q

Recall the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and briefly differentiate between their functions.

A

immunology 2, pg 1

24
Q

Provide an Overview of how the Lymphoid Organs relate with one another in function

A

pg 2

25
Q

Recall the location of the thymus

A
26
Q

Recall the location of the thymus

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 2

27
Q
  • 1)Recall the anatomy of the thymus
A

Immunology 2 word,pg 2

28
Q
  • 2)Explain the staining features of the microscopic analysis of the thymus
A

immunology 2 word,pg 2

29
Q

What is the importance of the HASSAL’s CORPUSCLE

A

immunology 2 word,pg 3

30
Q
  • Recall how the function o f the thymus changes in infection
A

Immunology 2 word,pg 3

31
Q

Recall how the thymic output changes with age and the consequences of this

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 3

32
Q

Recall bone marrow function

A

immunology 2 word,pg 3

33
Q

Describe how the function and composition of the bone marrow changes throughout life and during infection

A

immunology 2 word,pg 3

34
Q

Recall The Lymphatic System function

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 3

35
Q

Describe the The Lymph Node anatomy and composition and changes that occur to it during infection

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 4

36
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?

A

immunology 2 word,pg 4

37
Q

Recall the structure function and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection

A

immunology 2 word,pg 5

38
Q

Recall the structure ,function, body location and composition of The Spleen, and how this changes during an infection

A

Immunology 2 word, pg 5

39
Q

Give the details of the role of the Epithelium as the First Line of Defence

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 5

40
Q

Describe the structure function and composition of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

, and how this changes during an infection

A

immunology 2 word, pg 5

41
Q

Summarise the details of The Cutaneous Immune System

A

immunology 2 word,pg 6

42
Q

Summarise the re-circulation of lymphocytes

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 6

43
Q

Explain the need for** **the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 6

44
Q

Explain the need for** **the re-circulation of lymphocytes, and using an example describe briefly how it is met

A

immunology 2 word,pg 7

45
Q

Explain the process of extravasation of Naïve T Lymphocytes into Lymph Nodes

A

immunology 2 word,pg 7

46
Q

Explain the use of CD (Cluster of Differentiation) markers for discrimination between lymphocytes

A

Immunology 2 word, pg 8

47
Q

Describe the distribution of TCRs and CD markers amongst T cells , and give the details of the T cell subsets

A

Immunology 2 word,pg 8

48
Q

Describe the details of T Cell and B Antigen Recognition, and the molecules you can get on the surface of B lymphocytes

A

immunology 2 word,pg 9

49
Q

Summarise the concept of clonal selection

A

immunology 2 word,pg 9

50
Q

List examples of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), their locations and describe their function

A

immunology 2 word,pg 10

51
Q

Subcategorise the immune system into the 4 parts

A

immunology 3 word,pg 1

52
Q

Describe 6 features of the innate immunity

A

immunology 3 word,pg 1

53
Q

Describe the three Innate immune recognition strategies

A

immunology 3 word,pg 1

54
Q

Describe possible positions of immune system receptors

A

immunology 3 word,pg 2

55
Q
  • Give examples of PAMPs and DAMPs and explain what DAMPS are
A

immunology 3 word, pg 2

56
Q

state the proportion of leukocytes that are neutrophils

A

immunology 3 word,pg 2

57
Q

neutrophils last a long time in the blood true/ False

A

immunology 3 word,F,pg 2 (Short-lived)

58
Q

Neutrophils go though the lymph and migrates to the spleenT/F

A

immunology 3 word, F,Circulate in blood and migrate to tissues

59
Q

How do macrophages signal infection

A

immunology 3 word

60
Q
  • Neyurtophils areFirst to be recruited to the site of tissue damage/infection(Treu/False)
A

immunology 3 word, pg 2

61
Q

How do macrophages signal infection)

A

immunology 3 word(Signal infection by releasing soluble mediators),pg 2

62
Q

Describe the Characteristic Features of a Neutrophil

A

immunology 3 word, pg 2

63
Q

To fight infection, neutrophils need to:

A

immunology 3 word,pg 3

64
Q

Describe the Movement of Neutrophils into Tissues

A

immunology 3 word,pg 3

65
Q

State an observation that usually takes place When many neutrophils are involved in a response in a particular area

A

immunology 3 word,pg 3

66
Q

Describe and explain the process of opsonisation

A

immunology 3 word, pg 3

67
Q

Describe the Neutrophil Killing Mechanisms

A

immunology 3 word, pg 3

68
Q

How do neutrophils deal with extracellular bacteria

A

immunology 3 word, pg 4

69
Q

Describe the relationship between monocytes and macrophages

A

immunology 3 word,pg 5

70
Q

What is the most siginificant feature that allows them to recognise bacteria

A

immunology 3 word,pg 5

71
Q

Describe Macrophage Function

A

immunology 3 word,pg 5

72
Q

Define cytokines and describe their general properties

A

immunology 3 word, pg 5

73
Q

State the Types of Cytokine and their functions

A

immunology 3 word, pg 5

74
Q

only immune cells produce interferon(T/F)-

A

immunology 3 word,answer is false,,pg 6

75
Q

Describe the different ways that cytokines can act

A

immunology 3 word, pg 6

76
Q

Recall Important cytokines secreted by activated macrophages and their functions

A

immunology 3 word,pg 6

77
Q

Describe the features of Bacterial Septic Shock

A

immunology 3 word, pg 7

78
Q

Describe the function of dendritic cells

A

immunology 3 word, pg 7

79
Q

(which cells form a Direct link between acquired and adaptive immunity

A

immunology 3 word,pg 7

80
Q

Define complement

A

immunology 3 word, pg 7

81
Q

Summarise the details of the experimental discovery of the complement

A

immunology 3 word,pg 7

82
Q

Describe complement composition and things that take place in The Complement System

A

immunology 3 word, pg 8

83
Q

Describe the three pathways of Complement Activation

A

immunology 3 word, pg 8

84
Q

Explain the The ‘Y’ of Complement

A

immunology 3 word

85
Q

Explain the significant aspects Complement that does not include ‘Y’ of the complement

A

immunology 3 word, pg 9

86
Q

Complenents have long half lives T/F

A

immunology 3 word, pg 9 , F

87
Q

Complement is concentrated in body fluids T/F)

A

immunology 3 word, F, pg 9

88
Q

Describe the Functions of Complement

A

immunology 3 word, pg 9

89
Q

Describe the function of side product fragments of the complement

A

immunology 3 word, pg 9

90
Q

Describe the importance of immune complex clearage and describe how it can be done vis red blood cells and phagocytes)

A

immunology 3 word,pg 10

91
Q

Describe and explain the function of Mast Cells

A

immunology 3 word, pg 10

92
Q

State the different types of mast cells

A

immunology 3 word,pg 10

93
Q

Summarise a typical inflammatory response to a localised infection involving recruitment of neutrophils, and phagocytosis and killing bacteria

A

immunology 3 word,pg 10

94
Q

Briefly summarise the events involved in a systemic acute phase response

A

immunology 3 word,pg 11

95
Q

Describe the Acute Phase Proteins for a** **systemic acute phase response

A

immunology 3 word,pg 11

96
Q

Describe the features and method of function of natural killer cells

A

immunology 3 word,pg 11

97
Q

Give the details Target Cell Recognition in natural killer cells

A

immunology 3 word,pg 12

98
Q

Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity

A

immunology 3 word,pg 12

99
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

immunology 4 word, pg1

100
Q

Which cell produce an antibody)

A

immunology 4 word, pg 1

101
Q

Which cell produce an antibody

A

immunology 4 word, pg 1

102
Q
  • Describe the scale of antibody abundance)
A

immunology 4 word, pg 1

103
Q

Antibody-deficiency is not life-threatening and cannot be treated T/F

A

immunology 4 word,pg 1,False

104
Q

Describe the secondary effector functions following antibody binding

A

immunology 4 word, pg 1

105
Q

Explain with the aid of a simple diagram the immunoglobulin molecule, identifying the antigen-binding site (Fab) and Fc portions of the molecule

A

immunology 4 word, pg 1

106
Q

Describe the importance of the Fc part

A

immunology 4 word, pg 2

107
Q

Describe the experimental evidence of antibody structure

A

immunology 4 word, pg 2

108
Q

Describe the importance of the Flexibility of Antibody Molecules

A

immunology 4 word,pg 3

109
Q

summarise the properties of the antigen-binding site

A

immunology 4 word,pg 3

110
Q

2) Describe the forces involved in the antibody-antigen binding

A

immunology 4 word,pg 4

111
Q

1)Distinguish between antibody affinity and avidity

A

immunology 4 word,pg 4

112
Q

2)How can one mathematicallty display antibody affinity

A

immunology 4 word,pg 4

113
Q
  • WHat is a better measure of binding capacity , avidity of affinity)
A

immunology 4 word,pg 5

114
Q

Describe antibody cross-reactivity

A

immunology 4 word,pg 5

115
Q

Explain an example of the cross reactivity of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word,pg 5

116
Q

Differentiate between isotypes and allotypes( I dont understand this)

A

immunology 4 word, pg 5

117
Q

Explain what determines the different antibody classes

A

immunology 4 word,pg 5

118
Q

Describe the features and functions of the igG class of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word, pg 6

119
Q

Which antibody classes have subclasses. Describe the subclasses for these classes.

IgG and IgA have subclasses

A

immunology 4 word, pg 6

120
Q

Describe the features and functions of the igAclass of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word, pg 7

121
Q
  • Describe the process of Formation for Secretory IgA
A

immunology 4 word, pg 7

122
Q

D escribe the features and functions of the igE class of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word, pg 8

123
Q

Recall shapes of antibodies classes

A

immunology 4 word, pg 9

124
Q

Recall the Selective Ig Distribution

A

immunology 4 word,pg 9

125
Q

Summarise the antibody effector functions

A

immunology 4 word,pg 9

126
Q

Describe what each Ig class is good at

A

immunology 4 word,pg 9

127
Q
A

immunology 3 word

128
Q

Describe Examples of Defects in Innate Immunity

A

immunology 3 word,pg 12

129
Q

Describe the features and functions of the igM class of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word, pg 8

130
Q
A

immunology 3 word

131
Q

D escribe the features and functions of the igD class of antibodies

A

immunology 4 word,pg 8

132
Q

which cells can be described as the main drivers of the adaptive immune response

A

immunology 5 word,pg 1

133
Q

Describe possible consequences of the lack of T and B cells

A

immunology 5 word, pg 1

134
Q

What is the relationship between the innate immunity and the adaptive immune response

A

immunology 5 word, pg 1

135
Q

Responses to repeat infections are at the same speed and stronger(T/F)-

A

immunology 5 word, pg 1,False

136
Q

Define antigen and epitope

A

immunology 5 word, pg 1

137
Q

Describe the difference between B cells and T cells and the type of epitope they recognise

A

immunology 5word, pg 1

138
Q
  • Describe the components of the Two Types of Adaptive Immune Response:
A

immunology 5 word, pg 1

139
Q

Explain the origin and maturation of B-lymphocytes,

A

immunology 5 word, pg 2

140
Q

Describe what the BCR is and explain why Ig__a__/Ig__b is needed for its function p

A

immunology 5 word, pg 2

141
Q

Explain the principles of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement in the generation of diversity in Ig antibodies

A

immunology 5 word, pg 3

142
Q

Describe how heavy and light chains come together to make a functional molecule

A

immunology 5 word,pg 5

143
Q

What happens when B cells bind with antigens and transduces a signal through BCR?

A

immunology 5 word, pg 5

144
Q

How is antibody production by B cells achieved?

A

immunology 5 word, pg 6

145
Q

Describe the influence of cytokines made by Tcell,and use this to explain why T cell dependent is the only pathway that can produce many different antibody classes.

A

immunology 5 word, pg 8

146
Q

Explain why the second immune response is better equipped to deal with infection

A

immunology 5 word, pg 8

147
Q

Give the details of the structure and the method of function of the TCR

A

immunology 6 word,pg 1

148
Q

Describe the functions of the T lymphocyte subsets.

A

immunology 6 word, pg 2

149
Q

State three main states of T cells in their development and describe the precise location where transitions happen between these stages

A

immunology 6 word, pg 3

150
Q

Describe how receptors and co-receptors are formed in the T cell development

A

immunology 6 word, pg 4

151
Q

Illustrate the process of Alpha and Beta chain rearrangement and its significance

A

immunology 6 word, pg 5

152
Q

Give the detailsof the selection process involved in T cell develpoment

A

immunology 6 word,pg 6

153
Q

what is the general function of T-lymphocyte

A

immunology 6 word, pg 7

154
Q

what is the most significant step for the derivation of the antigen specific receptor

A

immunology 6 word, pg 7

155
Q

Where are the T-lymphocytes selected for usefulness

A

immunology 6 word, pg 7

156
Q

List the three main subsets of T-lymphocytes

A

immunology 6 word , pg 7

157
Q

Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules

A

immunology 6 word, pg 8

158
Q

Define the MHC

A

immunology 6 word, pg 8

159
Q

Describe the structure of MHC 1 and 2 molecules

A

immunology 6 word, pg 8

160
Q

Explain the need of a binding motif

A

immunology 6 word, pg 10

161
Q

Describe the features and composition of the HLA and explain the significance of these features

A

immunology 6 word, pg 10

162
Q

What percentage of human genes have immune related function

A

immunology 6 word, pg 11

163
Q

Describe the features of MHC gene expression

A

immunology 6 word, pg 11

164
Q

Describe the features of MHC gene expression

A

immunology 6 word, pg 11

165
Q

Give the details of MHC polymorphism and describe its consequences

A

immunology 6 word, pg 11

166
Q

Explain the mechanisms by which antigen presenting cells (APCs) process and present endogenous and exogenous antigens

A

immunology 6 word, pg 11

167
Q

Define MHC molecules

A

immunology 6 word, pg 12

168
Q

Compare and differentiate between antigen recognition by B and T lymphocytes and by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes

A

immunology 6 word, pg 12

169
Q

Explain the need for T cell mediated( immunity

A

immunology 7 word, pg 1

170
Q

Describe the function of two T cell subsets

A

immunology 7 word, pg 1

171
Q

State antigen-presenting cell function

A

immunology 3 word

172
Q

What is the main APC subset)

A

immunology 7 word, pg 2

173
Q

Summarise the different types of MCH-TCR reactions

A

immunology 7 word, pg 2

174
Q

Describe why the MHC/TCR Interactions are important in terms of disease susceptibility.

A

immunology 7 word,pg 2

175
Q

Explain the whole migration process of T cells in cell mediated immunity

A

immunology 7 word ,pg 3

176
Q

Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis

A

immunology 7 word,pg 3

177
Q

What happens in cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

immunology 7 word,pg 3

178
Q

Where do we get a loss of CD4 T cells which is catastrophic

A

immunology 7 word, pg 4

179
Q

Listof the range of effector functions in CD4+ T cell – T helper cells, and identify the one that is part of the humoral immunity

A

immunology 7 word, pg 4

180
Q

Give the details of what takes place for the following roles of T cells:

  • Macrophage activation, Delayed Type Hypersensitivity, B cell activation
A

immunology 7 word,pg 5

181
Q

Describe the functions of the 5 families of T helper cells

A

immunology 7 word , pg 6

182
Q

Describe features of Immunological Memory

A

Immuunology 7 word ,pg 6

183
Q

Describe the Difference between T cell memory and B cell memory

A

immunology 7 word, og 6

184
Q

Describe the two subsets of T cells and the some of the cytokine receptors for these subsets and cytokine receptors for T cel in different parts of development

A

immunolgy 7 word pg 7

185
Q

Describe what happens in T cell exhaustion

A

immunolgy 7 word , pg 7

186
Q

Describe Beneficial and detrimental actions of effector T cells

A

immunology 7 word , pg 7

187
Q

What the T cell mediated immunity allow

A

immunology word 7 ,pg 7

188
Q
  • T cells Also assist other cell functions (T/F)
A

immunology 7 word pg 7

189
Q

What leads to different functions of T cells

A

immunology 7 word pg 7

190
Q
  • What cells do T cells need to interact with to become activated)
A

immunology 7 word , pg 7

191
Q

Explain the the importance of immune regulation, describe two parts of immune regulation , and describe the consequences of failure of such mechanisms

A

8,1

192
Q

Explain three ways that immune regulation can fail

A

8,1

193
Q

Describe two General principles of controlling immune responses

A

8,2

194
Q

define immunological tolerances

A

8,2

195
Q

Explain the importance of immunological tolerance

A

8,2

196
Q

`Give the details and explain what takes place in central and peripheral tolerance

A

8,2

197
Q

What is the important transcription factor for T reg

A

8,6

198
Q

Describe immune dysregulation involving transcription factors).

A

8,6

199
Q

Describe the mechanism by which T reg carry out their functions

A

8,6

200
Q

Describe the different types of Tregs

A

8,7

201
Q

Describe Resolution and Repair in immune response

A

8,7

202
Q

Explain why immune Regulation is critical in PREGNANCY

A

8,7

203
Q

How is immunological Tolerance broken

A

8,7

204
Q

In immune response what is self -limitation

A

8,7

205
Q

Describe the function of Regulatory Macrophages

A

8,8

206
Q

Describe Regulation of T cells by amino acid starvation

A

8,8

207
Q

Describe T-B cell collaboration

A

8,8

208
Q

Give the details of the role of Interferons in the immune response

A

9,2

209
Q

Recall Typical antibody response to vaccines

A

9,2

210
Q

Recall detail of immune defences against bacteria

A

9,3