Microbiology Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
Explain the use of gram staining to identify bacteria
A
pg 127 laz;s notes
2
Q
Give the relevant immunological detail of a substance that is only present in gram negative bacteria
A
pg 128 Laz’s notes
3
Q
List the different techniques following gram stain that may be used to distinguish between bacteria
A
pg 128 Laz’s notes
4
Q
The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial (COMMENSAL), but some are pathogenic(True/False)
A
Laz’s notes, pg 128, True
5
Q
Recall examples of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and mycobacteria
A
Laz’s notes,pg 128
6
Q
To be a pathogen you need to be able to(name five requirements):
A
Laz’s notes , pg 129
7
Q
Give examples of intra and extracellular bacteria
A
Laz’s notes, pg 129
8
Q
A lot of gram negative bacteria do not use the same method for invading host cells as salmonella(T/F). Summarise a method for the Invasion of host cells by salmonella
A
Laz’s notes,PG 130, FALSE
9
Q
Name Two related multi-protein machines required by Salmonella Motility and Invasion an that of d a large proportion of other gram negative bacteria that uses the same method:
A
Laz’s notes ,PG 130
10
Q
Describe the functions of flagella and Type III Secretion System
A
Laz’s notes,pg 130
11
Q
RECALL THE STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETORY SYSTEM(the diagram)
A
Laz’s notes, pg 131
12
Q
1)DESCRIBE AND THE EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPE 3 SECRETIRY SYSTEM
A
Laz’s notes ,131
13
Q
Describe and explain two examples of the manipulation of actin by bacteria, and identify the kind of bacteria that use such
A
Laz’s notes,131
14
Q
State two methods bacteria may use to get into a host cell(129-130)
A
Laz’s notes,(129-130)
15
Q
Describe the full details as to how structures as sophisticated as those involved in the invasion of host cells have evolved, include statistical evidence for these details?
A
Laz’s notes ,131
16
Q
How many proteins do bacteria encode and how many be described as non-accessory or non-pathogenic)
A
Laz’s notes ,131
17
Q
- Name the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
A
Laz’s notes,132
18
Q
State a major activity by bacteria associated with DNA that allows them to overcome our immune system
A
Laz’s notes,132
19
Q
- Describe the Three Main Mechanisms for horizontal gene transmission:
A
Laz’s notes ,132
20
Q
Define PATHOGENICITY ISLAND
A
Laz’s notes,133
21
Q
Verticacl gene transfer is the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown. (T/F)
A
Laz’s notes,F,PATHOGENICITY ISLAND are the main drivers of evolution of bacterial pathogens and their origin is usually unknown
22
Q
As they have access to a huge variety of DNA through horizontal gene transmission, bacteria occupy a huge component of the biodiversity in the world(true/false)
A
Laz’s notes, true,pg 144
23
Q
Name the Intrinsic Sources of Bacterial infections and identify the sources where you would expect bacteria
A
Laz’s notes,134
24
Q
the SMALL INTESTINE you get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA and gram positive bacteria(True/False)
A
Laz’s notes ,F, the SMALL INTESTINE you only get GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA,134
25
_Name the viruses and bacteria for **Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract**_
Laz's notes,134
26
Infections targeting the upper respiratory tract - usually extrinsically-acquired from respiratory tract droplets or airborne(T/F)
Laz's notes,T,134
27
_Hand transmission can act as an intermediate for **Portal of Entry - Upper Respiratory Tract(True/False)**_
Laz's notes ,T,134
28
Describe Consequences of bacterial infection acquired via the upper respiratory tract
Laz's notes,135
29
**_For portal of Entry - Urogenital Tract,dissect the sources of bacteria and name the bacteria that go through these sources_**
Laz's notes,135
30
_What is needed to acquire an infection through the skin, give examples of causes of broken skin._
Laz's notes,135
31
* **_Name Infections Targeting Broken Skin, and describe where relevant of feature of these infections:_**
Laz's notes,136
32
* **_Describe the consequences**_ _**of infection via broken skin_**
Laz's notes ,136
33
What is the main cause of infection via broken skin)
136,Laz's notes
34
_Name the viruses,bacteria and the toxins for **Portal of Entry: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract ('faeco-oral route')**_
Laz's notes,136
35
* **_Describe the**_ _**Consequences of infection via the GI tract_**
Laz's notes,136
36
_What is significant about of the consequences of listeria infection via the GI tract_
Laz's notes,137
37
Define the following(pathogenicity, commensal, true pathogen, opportunistic pathogen,infectivity,virulence, infectious dose
Laz's notes,137
38
List the factors involved in infectivity
Laz's notes ,137
39
Analyse 3 examples of a pathogens that has a feature that increases it virulence
Laz's notes ,137
40
List features that enhance virulence
Laz's notes,137
41
List the features that infectious dose is affected by
Laz's notes,138
42
**_Give**_ _**Infectious Disease Examples and describe how they produce their infection by Portal of Entry_**
Laz's notes,138
43
**_Reacall examples of gram positive and gram negative Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens, and explain them_**
Laz's notes,139
44
Define Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidAL
Laz's notes,140
45
_Define resistance , breakpoint and minimum inhibitory concentration_
Laz's notes,141
46
Explain the relationship between breakpoint and resistance
Laz's notes ,141
47
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals(T/F)
Laz's notes ,T
48
Resistance to AB usually arises soon after the introduction of AB to clinical use in hospitals.(State two exceptions to this rule and explain one of these exceptions)
Laz's notes,141
49
**_Recall Diseases caused by the drug resistant bacteria, identify whether they are gram positive and gram negative recall features of the diseases where relevant (i.e. portal of entry , consequences and drugs that are used in their treatment )_**
Laz's notes
50
what is the common/ general mechanism for the role of antibiotics)
Laz's notes,142
51
_Describe the mechanism of action of seven antibiotic sub-groups_
Laz's notes,142
52
_Name four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:_
Laz's notes ,145
53
_Explain how_ **_Altered Target Site can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,145
54
_Explain how_ **_Inactivation of Antibiotic can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes,146
55
What would the term ‘broad spectrum’ mean?
Laz's notes,146
56
_Explain how_ **_altered metabolism can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,146
57
_Explain how_ **_Decreased Drug Accumulation can act as a mechanism for antibiotic resistance and give examples of when this can happen_**
Laz's notes ,146
58
**_Summarise five real life mechanism for resistance mechanisms, state the antibiotic or type of antibiotic they act on , and state the method of acquisition of the genes for this._**
Laz's notes,147
59
_Recall what a transposon is_
Laz's notes,147
60
Recall the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Laz's notes,147
61
Horizontal gene transfer allows the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance (T/F)
Laz's notes,149
62
**_State five reasons for treatment failure other than Antibiotic resistance_**
Laz's notes ,148
63
Strong selective pressures in hospitals are due to the regular use of antibiotics(True/False )
Laz's notes ,True
64
Name eight Hospital Acquired Infection Examples
Laz's notes,148
65
* **_Name seven**_ _**Risk Factors for HAI:_**
Laz's notes,,148
66
_A doctor came up to me and said that he would like to find a way fof monitoring the amount of_ *_Streptococcus pyogenes_* _in the nose, so that he can ensure amounts are kept within normal levels for patiets being treated in antibiotic . Explain why what the doctor is trying to do is useful?_
Laz's notes,148
67
**_Give examples of ways for preventing**_ _**the emergence of drug resistance bacteria and nosocomial infections_**
Laz's notes ,149
68
_How main phyla does the fungi kingdom consist of and what are the names of these phyla_
Laz's notes,150
69
How many serious fungal infections of humans are there?)
Laz's notes,150
70
**_Describe the distribution of serious fungal infections of humans in terms of their phyla_**
Laz's notes ,150
71
**_Describe how crytococci can get into the body, which cells may mop them up and where they can get to and why?_**
Laz's notes,150
72
_Summarise how fungi deal with their food source_
Laz's notes ,150
73
**_Describe spore**_ _**dispersal in fungi_**
Laz's notes ,150
74
**_Name**_ _**Three Types of Illness caused by Fungi_**
Laz's notes ,150
75
_Recall examples of fungal allergies:_
Laz's notes ,151
76
Define Mycotoxicoses)
Laz's notes,151
77
What are mycotoxins)
Laz's notes,151
78
* _Recall symptoms of mycotoxicoses_:
Laz's notes
79
what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis
Laz's notes,151
80
_What produce aflatoxin , and what is special about it compared to other rcpmpounds, and give an example of its effect on the body_
Laz's notes,151
81
What is a mycose
Laz's notes ,151
82
**_Describe what superficial mycoses are and give examples of them._**
Laz's notes,152
83
_Describe what cutaneous mycoses are( double check info here) and give examples of them._
Laz's notes,152
84
define subcutaneous mycoses
Laz's notes ,153
85
what is a mycetoma
Laz's notes,153
86
* **_Give examples of deep / systemic mycoses_**
Laz's notes,153
87
**_What is significant about the relation between fungal infections and transplant settings.give an example of a particular fungal infection_**
Laz's notes,153
88
_Describe and explain where relevant how Candida can interact with us under different circumstances_
Laz's notes ,154
89
DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
Laz's notes,154
90
_DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF **Diagnosis of Fungal Infections**_
Laz's notes,155
91
Three targets for treating fungal infection are:
Laz's notes
92
_Describe features of the targets for antifungal infection_
Laz's notes,155
93
_Explain and Categorise the functions of antifungal treatment, include specific examples in your answer_
Laz's notes
94
_Describe a procedure that can be used to check that a microorganism causes a disease and name this procedure._
95
(Definition of a Virus
96
Definition of Obligate)
97
_Describe the two main types of virus morphologies_
98
_How can viruses be named( less important)_
99
***_RECALL THE FULL DETAILS OF THE MAIN WAY FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES. WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THIS_***
100
_Summarise the different ways of the joint process of transcription and translation in viruses_
101
Describe the defining feature of a retrovirus
102
Recall two anti-herpes virus drugs and two anti-influenza virus drugs and a retroviral drug
103
**_Summarise the consequences of the Viral Genome Type_**
104
**_Recall the details of a generic virus replication cycle_**
105
## Footnote
**_What is the difference between VIRUS AND A VIRION?_**
106
**_Describe the the Replication Cycle of HIV-1_**
107
**_Describe The Replication of Ebola Virus_**
108
_Describe how the action of viruses can be investigated in the labarotary and explain the usual results viewed once viruses are investigated._
109
_Describe and explain two different ways of investigating viral presence other than the use of plaques formation_
110
**_Describe and explain the Single Step Growth Kinetics of a Virus_**
110
**_Summarise the different ways of Viral Diagnosis(not very important)_**
111
_Describe how antiviral vaccines can be formed_
112
Describe how to culture norovirus in the lab
113
**_Define tropism and explain its determinant (using a definition of its determinants)_**
114
_Describe the receptor attachment involved in HIV_
115
_How can people who exposed to HIV not be affected by the virus and describe how this can change in HIV replication_
116
**_Describe the measles virus receptor use, tropism and pathogenesis_**
117
Give two examples of viruses whose tropism are determined by receptor use)
118
(give an example of virus whose tropism is not determined by receptor use)
119
Explain the determination of tropism of influenza
120
What is the difference between the underlying dterminants influenza and HIV & measle
121
_Explain how influenza tropism can be extended_
122
**_Explain what determines the outcome of a virus infection_**
123
**_Transmission Terminology_**
**_Define the following terms: latrogenic , nosocomial, vertical, horizontal, germ line_**
124
**_Recall the difference bwetween vertical and horizontal DNA transmission_**
**_Vertical DNA transmission_**
125
)Summarise how you can get Viral Rashes
126
_Define incubation period_
127
Describe and explain how the varicella zoster virus can act on a human from its initial infection over a lifetime(include details of the days events occur)
128
**_Recall the ways of describing the patterns of viral infection, and what they mean_**
129
_2)Recall the classifation of the pattern of viral infection( pg 249 ibook to help)_
130
**_Describe Strategies of Viral Persistence_**
131
**_Explain the concept of latency, using the example of the Herpes Simplex Virus to illustrate your answer_**
132
**_Explain the how viruses may cause cancer_**
133
How does papillomaviruses cause cancer
134
how were Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV or HHV8) and Merkel Cell Polyoma first discovered
135
what causes hepatocellular carcinoma
136
HBV is a hepadnavirus (has a DNA genome) but it uses reverse transcriptase during a stage in its life cycle (T/F)
T
137
There is a vaccine for HBV and HCV(T/F)
There is a vaccine for HBV and no vaccine for HCV
138
_1)Recall examples of diseases for the different patterns of viral infection_
139
HCV and HBV is a blood borne virus(T/F)
T
140
* 55% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(T/F)
* 95% of us are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus(,F
141
**_Postulate possible consequences of infections with EBV_**
142
Which cell type does the Epstein Barr Virus most commonly affect, and what are symptoms-what is the genric name for the symtomes?
143
Outcome of infection can vary depending on(state seven
144
**_Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection_**
145
## Footnote
**_Explain how Viral Sequence may affect outcome of virus infection_**
146
**_Using an example, illustrate how Viral Load may affect outcome of virus infection_**
147
**_Use two examples to illustrate how Co-Infections_**
## Footnote
**_may affect outcome of virus infection_**
148
Use two examples to illustrate how Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility may affect outcome of virus infection
149
**_Recall Predisposing Co-morbidities and Conditions for viral infections_**
150
**_Describe_** _Host Defence against infectious agents_
151
Describe Non-immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
152
Describe immune mechanisms for host defence against infectious agents
153
Describe the features of acquired immunity
154
Vaccines are primarily aimed at eliciting acquired immunity which requires exposure to the infectious agent or its antigens(T/F).
155
## Footnote
*_5)Catergorise the two different types of acquired immunity and give the details of these two different types_*
156
Name an example of what humoral immunity would be important for
157
Name an example of what Cell mediated immunity would be important for
158
*_Define active and passive immunity and state the purpose of a vaccine_*
159
_List the properties of a good vaccine, and describe the features of two of these properties_
160
A good vaccine PROVIDES SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT TO HEALTH AT LOW COST AND LOW RISK(True/False)
T
161
*_Describe what happens in the four stages of vaccine clinical trials_*
162
define vaccine efficacy
163
where is vaccine efficacy determined
164
How is vaccine efficacy calculated , and how is it usually expressed
165
what is herd immunity)
166
use a sentence to summarise how herd immunity carries out its function
167
Toxoids will offer herd immunity_(T/F)_
F,
Toxoids will not offer herd immunity_(_
168
(in what scenario would herd immunity be irrelevant
169
_Give an example to describe how herd immunity can be important_
170
What is the endemic state state
171
There is a relationship between the basic reproduction number R0, vaccine effectiveness and coverag needed to reduce or eliminate disease(T/F)
T
172
_Recall the equation needed to determine the minimum proportion of the population that must be immunised at birth (or close to) in order for the infection to die out in the population_
173
_Recall the equation for calculating the herd effect_
174
_Explain what is included in Vaccine Formulations_
175
_List and describe some of the features of the different categories of antigenic properties of vaccines(not sure about this one)_
176
_Recall the different vaccine subcategories_
177
_2)Describe what a live-attenuated vaccine is_
178
**_)state the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines_**
179
Give examples of attenuated vaccines
180
Describe how the BCG vaccine is produces, and describe what is known about the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and problem with evaluating effectiveness of the BCG vaccine
181
State : the name of the pathogen that causes typhoid, how the pathogen is transmitted and how it causes disease. List the symptoms of typhoid fever.
182
**_What is the name of the typhoid vaccine- describe how it is produced_**
183
_Describe the features of the typhoidvaccine itself and its administration that allows a smooth treatment using the vaccine_
184
Describe the features of a killed whole cell vaccine
185
State the advantages and disadvantages of Killed Whole Cell Vaccines. Recall example of such vaccine
186
_Describe the features of the antigens for the different vaccine subcategories._
187
Recall features of the tetanus and diphtheria toxin, and how the toxoid used for them is produced.
188
_Describe what conjugate vaccines are)_
_12)List the advantages of using conjugate vaccines_
189
Describe how conjugate vaccines can be prepared
190
How do conjugate vaccines work
191
describe the role of adjuvants)
192
_Explain the role of adjuvant immune response_
193
_Explain the general categorisation of adjuvants_
194
Define prophylaxis and therapy
195
Name two examples of successful virus vaccination and describe why one of them is successful
196
Describe the features of toxoid vaccines, the advantages of using them, and recall examples of diseases that they vaccinate against
197
**_Describe the different types of viral vaccines_**
198
## Footnote
**_Recall examples Human Virus Vaccines and the category they come under(less important)_**
199
**_Describe the process of Attenuation of Viruses to make Live Virus Vaccines_**
200
**_Recall Pros and cons of live vs inactivated viral vaccines_**
201
**_RECALL Examples of viruses for which both live and inactivated vaccines are available AND THE DETAILS EACH TYPE FOR THE VIRUSES(1)_**
202
* _What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)_
203
why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
204
who is the influenza vaccine given to)
205
* influenza evolves fast(why must influenza vaccine be regularly updated)
206
Describe in what cases you would each type of polio virus vaccine and why(3)
207
**_Describe the process of Making recombinant attenuated virus vaccines_**
208
**_What is Rotavirus Vaccine called , what type of vaccine is it , how is it used and why_**
209
**_Recall examples ofSubunit Vaccines_**
210
**_Describe the features of the Shingles Vaccine, how it is used and why_**
211
* The live attenuated vaccine is similar but distinct from the chicken pox vaccine given to children in some countries(T/F)
T
211
_DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF INTERFERONS IN ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT HOW IT USED in healthcare AND WHY_
212
_Explain how viruses are targeted in general._
213
**_EXPLAIN THE ACTION OF Nucleoside Analogues IN VIRAL TREATMENT_**
214
_DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF ACYCLOVIR IN VIRAL TREATMENT_
215
**_Explain the TWO Strategies to Inhibit Influenza_**
215
* _What is involved in the new strategy for influenza vaccination in children(2)_
216
**_RECALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIV Treatment_**
217
_Recall the different methods that can be used for_
## Footnote
**_Hepatitis C Treatment_**
218
Why do viruses evolve fast)
219
explain what a quasi species is
220
Describe the impact of some of the mutations of viruses in human circulation0
221
How can the evolution of human viruses during human circulation be observed
222
**_Explain the purpose of using Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy_**
223
_List how new viruses may emerge_
224
_Explain the concept of antigenic drift_
225
**_call Global influences of emerging viral infections_**
226
“**_Define the terms zoonosis and host range, and explain its consequences_**
227
Explain how viruses emerge and re-emerge using named examples, including influenza virus antigenic shift and drift, HIV, West Nile Virus, SARS and noroviruses.
228
Explain the principles of the evolution of drug resistant variants of viruses
229
**_Explain the process of antibody dependent enhancement of the infection in dengue fever_**
230
