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Immunopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the immune system a multi network system.

A

Yes

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2
Q

what 2 components is the immune system split into

A

innate and adaptive

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3
Q

what are the 3 main components of the innate immune system

A

barrier and chemical mechanisms
PRR
Cellular.

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4
Q

what are the 3 main components of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cellular.

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5
Q

what are the major receptors and molecules involved in the innate immune system
(recognise non foreign species but the response is non specific)

A 
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR).
Antimicrobial peptides
Cells
Complement componenets
Cytokines
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6
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

mediate host defines system and direct and recruit adaptive immune responses.

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7
Q

what molecule of the innate immune system do anti rheumatic drugs work on

A

cytokines.

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8
Q

do pattern recognition receptors have diversity for different antigens

A

Yes- each immune cell group has the same antigen recognition receptor this is however specific to the spieces e.g. bacteria no to the organism

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9
Q

what are the 2 groups of pattern recognition receptors

A
  1. Cell surface (transmembrane) and intracellular receptors – TLRs, NLRs, RLR’s and CLR’s
  2. Fluid-phase soluble molecules.
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10
Q

what family do the fluid phase recognition PRR associated with

A

C type lectin family.

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11
Q

what is the function of fluid phase recognition molecules

A

recognition of microbial complex carbohydrates
Bind via carbohydrate recognition domains
role in neutralisation
role in recruitment of adaptive response.

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12
Q

what are the 3 pathways within the complement system

A

classical
MB-lectin
Alternative pathway.

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13
Q

what stimulates the classic pathway

A

antigen and antibody complex.

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14
Q

what stimulates the MB lectin pathway

A

MB lectin binds mannose on pathogens

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15
Q

whats stimulates the alternative pathways

A

pathogen surface.

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16
Q

what complex do the terminal complememnt components form

A

MAC

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17
Q

what does factor C3b do

A

binds to complement receptors on phagocytes
oppsinisation of pathogens
removal of immune complexes.

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18
Q

what do factors C3a and C5a do

A

peptide mediators of inflammation and phagocyte recruitment,

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19
Q

what are the 3 main cytokines of the innate immune system

A

IL1, IL6, TNF

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20
Q

what is the function of IL1 and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, endothelial and epithelial.
Target- hypothalamus
Function- increase coagulation, increase inflammation, increase acute phase proteins)

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21
Q

what is the function of IL6 and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, endothelia, T lymphocytes.
Target- hepatocytes and liver.
Function- increase acute phase proteins and increase B lymphocyte proliferation.

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22
Q

what is the function of TNF and what produces it and what does it act on

A

source- macrophages, T lymphocytes
Target- endothelia.
Function- increase coagulation and inflammation
Target hepatocytes- increased acute phase proteins, increase neutrophil activation.
Target- hypothalamus
Function- increased fever.

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23
Q

what is the function of a macrophage

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria, produce antimicrobial peptides and cytokines

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24
Q

what is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

A

produces IFN- antiviral and anti tumour.

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25
what is the function of myeloid dendritic cells
interstitial DC's produce IL2 and IL10 (found in lung heart intestines and kidney). Langerhans DC's produce IL12 are located skin, epithelia and thymic medulla.
26
where are dendritic cells found
T cell zones of lymphoid organs.
27
what is he function of natural killer cells.
kill host cells with low MHC and self peptide presentation | Express NK receptors that inhibit NK function in the presence of high expression of MHC
28
What is the function of NK T cells
lymphocytes with both T cell and NK surface makers that recognise lipid antigen of intracellular bacteria
29
what is the function of neutrophils
phagocytose and kill bacteria and produce antimicorbial peptides.
30
what is the function of eosinophils
kill invading parasites
31
what is the function of mast cells and basophilic
release TNF, IL6, IFN in response to bacterial PAMPs.
32
what is function of epithelial cells
produce anti microbial peptides and tissue specific epithelia, produced innate immunity e.g lung epithelia produces surfactant proteins that bind and promote clearance of invading microbes.
33
what are the primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
34
what are the secondary lymphoid organs
immune response spleen (white pulp) lymph nodes and mucosal surfaces.
35
what is the mechanism of antigen presentation
Antigen internalised broken down into peptides Peptides associate with newly synthesised Class 2 molecules and are brought to the cell surface. If the peptides are foreign they are recognised by helper T cells which are then activated. Helper T cells produce cytokines needed by B cells, T cells , etc.
36
what is the function of MHC glycoproteins
present antigenic peptides to T cells.
37
what T cell do MHC 1 present to
T killer (cytotocxic cell)
38
what T cell do MHC 2 present to
T (helper cell)
39
what are the main antigen presenting cells
B cells Dendritic cells Macrophages
40
what is the main function of b cells
produce immunoglobulins
41
what is the function of t killer cells
kill.
42
what is the function of T helper cells
secrete growth factors (cytokines) which control immune response:
43
what is the function of suppressor T lymphocytes
damp down immune response
44
Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by
Neutralisation Agglutination Precipitation of dissolved antigens Activation of complement system.
45
mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells work
Cytotoxic T cells binds to infected cell Perforin makes holes in infected cell’s membrane and enzyme enters. Infected cell is destroyed.
46
define immunosupression
a natural or artificial process which turns off the immune response, partially or fully.
47
define immunodeficiency
the lack of an efficient immune system-susceptibility to infections
48
when is immunosupression commonly used
transplant rejection autoimmune conditions Lymphoproliferative diseases.
49
define hypersensitivity
Undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system (directed against innocuous antigens) in a pre-sensitized (immune) host.
50
Type 1 hypersensitivity is also known as
Ig E mediated Allergic Anaphylaxis
51
what is the immunopathogenesis of Type 1
IgE Ab mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation- (Cross-linking of FceR by allergen)release of preformed and de novo synthesized inflammatory mediators
52
what common antigens cause IgE mediated disease
pollen, bee venom and animal dander.
53
what are the clinical features of type 1 reaction
fast onset- 15 mins 30 mins weal and flare can cause a second phase response.
54
what diseases are associated with type 1 hypersensitivity
Hay fever, allergic asthma
55
what cells produce IgE
plasma cells
56
On what cells are the high affinity IgE receptors found
Mast cells and basophils.
57
what is the function of histamines
Stimulation of irritant nerve receptors Smooth muscle contraction Increase in vascular permeability
58
what is the function of kallikrenin.
Activates bradykinin - similar actions to histamine
59
what 4 mediators are preformed in Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction and are involved in the early phase response
histamines, kallikrein and tryptase, and arachidonic acid mediators (prostglandins and leukotrienes)
60
what 3 substances are involved in the late phase response of type 1 hypersensitiviy
Basophils Eosinophils Granules- contain cytotoxic proteins.
61
what 2 substances are archadonic acid derived
leukotrienes and prostaglandins
62
what drives the main pathogenesis in allergy
cytokines
63
immunopathogenesis of type 2 hypersensitivity.
Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions | Binding of antibody to target antigen on cell membrane.
64
what does the formation of the antigen antibody complex result in
Activation of the complement cascade resulting in cell lysis Aggregation of Fc portions of immunoglobulin/C3b with binding to FcRs/C3bR resulting in opsonisation, phagocytosis & destruction Initiated by IgM or complement-binding IgG
65
what cells are typically affected by type 2 hypersensitivity
Haematopoietic cells.
66
Why is IgM more efficient in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions than IgG
IgM is pentavalent and IgG requires multiple binding sites
67
immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity Type III.
IgG + Ag = AgAb complex FcR in complex bind C1q Complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments C5a - attractant for neutrophils C3b - Opsonin Attempted phagocytosis of complexes - release of enzymes, oxygen radicals Consequence is tissue damage
68
What cell mediates type 4 hypersensitivity
T cell mediated - CD4+ cells (MHC class II)
69
immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity Type IV.
Initially perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes & monocytes. Langerhan's cells present neo-antigen to T cells Ag-specific T cells release cytokines - recruitment of macrophages (non Ag-specific) Activated macrophages cause tissue damage Requires previous exposure to antigen.
70
give an example of the type IV hypersensitivity
Tuberculin skin reaction
71
define granulomas
Focal collections of inflammatory cells in tissues
72
what inflammatory cells are involved in a granuloma formation.
Macrophages Epithelioid cells (phagocytic cells containing foreign material) Giant cells Lymphocytes
73
The T cells in granuloma formation are Th1 or Th2
Th1- secreter IL2 and IFN g.
74
Granulomatous diseases include
``` Mycobacterial • Tuberculosis • Atypical mycobacteria • Leprosy Unknow aetiology – Sarcoidosis – Wegener’s Granulomatosis – Crohn’s disease ```
75
which T cell is involved in type IV hypersensitivity
TH1

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