Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD > cellular adaptation > Flashcards

cellular adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

do cellular adaptation occur during physiological or pathological events

A

Both
can be physiological
can be pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the common reversible adaptations found in cells

A

size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is the aim of adaptation

A

Acquire new, steady state of metabolism and structure
Better equips cells to survive in a new environment
Failure of adaptation may lead to sub-lethal or lethal cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

do fibroblasts adapt to there environment and if not why not

A

Survive severe metabolic stress without harm

eg absence of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

can cerebral neurones adapt, if not why not

A

Terminally differentiated
Permanent cell population
Highly specialised function
Easily damaged by environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do cells reposed to increased demand

A

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the main types of adaptation

A

increased and decreased cellular activity or change in cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what changes does hypertrophy result in

A

Increase in size of existing cells
Increase in functional capacity
Increased synthesis of structural components
Increased metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what cell population does hypertrophy typically happen in - permanent, stable, liable

A

permanent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy results in increased ectopic beats, why might this be dangerous.

A

predispose to sudden degeneration of rhythm to ventricular tachycardia shown on the ECG, or to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define sub cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

Increase in size and number of subcellular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when does physiological hypertrophy take place

A

uterus in pregnancy.

prostate with age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what cell population does hyperplasia occur in permanent, stable or liable

A

stable or liable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is gynaecomastia physiological or pathological

A

hyperplasia of the glandular and stromal tissue in the breast

physiological- puberty
pathological- drugs and liver damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pathopysiology of grave’s disease.

A

autoantibody binds to and switches on the TSH receptor in the thyroid, leading to prolonged, uncontrolled hyperplasia of the thyroid and hyperthyroidism

17
Q

define atrophy

A

Reduction in size of organ or tissue by decrease in cell size and number

18
Q

physiological atrophy includes

A

Embryogenesis, uterus after pregnancy or menopause

19
Q

what are the causes of pathological atrophy

A 
decreased workload
loss of innervation
diminished blood supply
inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine stimulation
pressure
20
Q

what structures in the body undergo atrophy

A

aging an cerebrovascular disease- brain
kidney-decreased blood supply and back pressure form ureteric obstruction
thymus
adrenal cortex-caused by steroid therapy

21
Q

why must long term steroides be stopped very slowly otherwise they would result Addisonian.

A

atrophy of the adrenal cortex caused by steroid therapy which would reduce the ACTH drive to the adrenal, causing a decrease in hormonal stimulation. This is a significant clinical issue. Long term steroids must be stopped very slowly to give the adrenals time to recover or the patient may be at risk of an Addisonian crisis due to hypoadrenalism.

22
Q

what are 2 examples of hypertrophy

A

Uterus in pregnancy

ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

examples of hyperplasia

A

Adenomyomatous hyperplasia of prostate.
Cirrhotic liver- abnormal healing process leads to hyper plastic nodules
hypertrophy of one kidney due to hyperplasia of the other
Grave’s disease
Gynaecomastia

24
Q

define metaplasia

A

Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another

25
Q

Is metaplasia physiological or pathological

A

both
physiological-adaptation
pathological- cancer

26
Q

define dysplasia

A

change of a cell type into another and proliferation

In-situ disease; non-invasive

27
Q

is carcinoma in situ the same as dysplasia

A

yes.

28
Q

before a cancer truly invades the basement membrane and when it is just proliferation what is it known as

A

dysplasia.

29
Q

what type of cancer occurs in the cervix

A

squamous metaplasia

30
Q

what type of cancer does endometrial hyperplasia due to increased oestrogen’s cause

A

adenocarcinomas

31
Q

what type of cancer does parathyroid hyperplasia due to renal failure cause

A

adenoma

32
Q

what type of cancer does squamous metaplasia of the bronchus cause

A

dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.

33
Q

what type of cancer does metaplasia of the bladder cause

A

squamous cell carcinoma

34
Q

what type of cancer does glandular metaplasia in the oesophagus cause

A

adenocarcinoma

MOD (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions