Immunopathology Flashcards
what do myeloid and lymphoid cells stem from
haematopoetic cells in bone marrow
what is the difference in maturation of B cells and T cells
B cells develop in the bone marrow but T cells migrate and develop in the thymus
describe the method of activation of the innate immune system
activated by pattern recognition receptors on dendritic/macrophages/neutrophils (they digest the forge in pathogen)
dendritic ells then present antigens of the foreign cell to TH1 cells in lymph nodes
what are the various T cell types
TH1 - part of adaptive immune system
TH2 - pathogens that do not infect cells eg helminths
Treg - develop in the thymus to regulate T cells
what causes autoimmunity
breakdown of tolerance due to changes in genes, immune regulation and or environment
what are 3 causative associations of autoimmune disease
HLA - determined by genes and may be similar to some pathogens
FOXP3 - deficiency or dysfunction mean can’t generate Treg efficiently
AIRE genes - normally they delete attractive T cells so dysfunction = autoimmunity
why is autoimmunity common in women
many immune proteins coded for by the X chromosome
what is the pathophysiology of autoimmunity
development go autoreactive B cells (active compliment system) and auto reactive T cells (produces toxic cytokines)
autoinflammation = end organ damage
what is hashimotos thyroiditis
autoantibodies to T3 and 4 or thyroxine peridoxase (TPO) = hypothyroidism
what is Grave disease
anti-TSH autoantibodies which mimic TSH stimulating T4 and hyperthyroidism
what is systemic lupus erythematous
autoimmunity to double stranded DNA release after apoptosis - activates compliment and inflammation in blood vessel walls
butterfly rash from affected capillary beds
test using ANA testing
what is the definition of immunosuppersion
natural/ artificial process which turns off immune response partially or fully which can result in immunodeficiency
what are some causes of immunodeficiency
secondary (external factors) more common than primary (genetic)
secondary causes - stress, surgery, cancer, T2DM, drugs infection
give an example of a primary immunodeficiency
SCID - rescued or absent T cells - recurrent with opportunistic infection
what is SPUR infection used for
recognising immunodeficiency Severe Persistent Unusual/opportinutics Recurrent
