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Year 2 - EMS > Tumour Names and Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Tumour Names and Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the SPIKES protocol

A

protocol for delivering bad news to patients

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2
Q

what are some examples of tumour classifications

A

benign/malignant, histological origin, primary or secondary

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3
Q

what are some examples of histological classifications of tumours

A

epithelial, mesenchymal, haematological

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4
Q

what is a papilloma

A

benign epithelial non glandular surface tumour

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5
Q

what is an adenoma

A

benign epithelial surface tumour - glandular

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6
Q

what is a carcinoma

A

malignant epithelial tumour

if it is secretory it is an adenocarcinoma

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7
Q 
what do these prefixes mean for tumours 
leiomyo-
rhabdomyo-
lipo-
angio-
osteo-
chondro-
fibro-
A 
smooth muscle 
skeletal muscle 
adipose
blood vessel 
bone
cartilage 
fibrous
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8
Q

preceded with the tissue of origin what does -oma mean in cancers

A

benign mesenchymal tumour

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9
Q

what do you suffix for a malignant mesenchymal tumour

A

sarcoma

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10
Q

what are some examples of benign melanocytic lesions

A

lentigo (brown patches) or melanocytes naevi (moles)

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11
Q

what is a melanoma

A

malignant melanocytic tumour

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12
Q 
what are cancers of these CNS regions called 
meninges 
astrocytes 
oligodendroglial 
ependymal 
neurones
A 
meningioma 
astrocytoma / glioblastoma 
oligodendroglioma 
ependymoma 
medulloblastoma
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13
Q

what are germ cells tumours

A

arise from cells in the gonads or the midline

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14
Q

what are the common types of germ cell cancers in men and women

A

ovaries - usually benign (dysgerminoma)

testies - usually malignant (seminoma)

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15
Q

what are the three haematological malignancies

A

leukaemias (chronic/acute) - from bone marrow derived cells ie lymphocytic/lymphoblastic vs myeloid/myelogenous (other haematological cells)
myeloma (plasma cells)
lymphomas (lymph node cells)

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16
Q

what is a hamartoma

A

benign, non-neoplastic tissue overgrowth (incidentaloma)
consists of at least 2 mature cell types normally found in the organ site
(disorganised mass)

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17
Q

what is a lung harmatoma

A

bronchial epithelium and cartilage cancer

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18
Q

what is a choristoma

A

non-neoplastic tissue, benign with histologically normal cells
normal cells but aggregated in the wrong place such as ocular choristoma
derived from germ cell layers

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19
Q

what do we call cancers made up of multiple cell types an give example

A

compound name
eg benign - angiolipoma
malignant - carcinosarcoma

20
Q

give an example of a tumour with a cystic component

A

cystadenoma

21
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary metastatic

A

primary cancer = at site of origin

secondary = metastatic, still aimed with origin but can be different grades

22
Q

what are some examples of carcinogens of human cancer

A

chemicals and mineral - asbestos, heavy metals, nitrosamines
infectious agents, viruses and parasites (HPV, EBV, H pylori)
radiation - UV, radon
Physiological, hormones - oestrogen and androgens

23
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

any agent that significantly increases the risk of developing cancer

24
Q

what does genotoxic mean

A

chemically modify or damage dna ie initiators of cancer

25
Q

what is a complete carcinogen

A

something that can promote and initiate cancer such as UV light

26
Q

what does initiation of cancer require

A

chemical modification of DNA

replication of modified DNA and mis-incorporation by DNA polymerase

27
Q

how do promoters contribute to carcinogenesis

A

stimulate the two rounds of DNA replication required for mutation and fixation

can stimulate clonal expansion of mutated cells

28
Q

describe the process of initiation, promotion and progression

A

genotoxic agents interact directly or indirectly with DNA to alter DNA sequence

non-genotoxic agents (promoting agents) can be cytotoxic which result in cell death and stimulate cell division in surviving cells

continuous action by promoting agents accumulates mutations which progress the cancer from benign to malignant

29
Q

what is the risk of cancer directly related to

A

levels of cell division

30
Q

what are the types of point mutations

A

missense, non-sesne muttons that make protein products more active or less active
frameshift and loss of function

31
Q

what are the common genetic abnormalities that can lead to cancer

A

gene amplification - excess and gain of function
chromosomal translocations
aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell)

32
Q

what are the two types of mutational consequences

A

gain in function - activation of protocol-oncognese

loss in function - inactivation of tumour suppressor genes

33
Q

what is the most common epigenetic consequence of genetic mutation

A

methylation of gene promoters ie CpG islands

34
Q

what are the two types of metabolic inactivation in cancer

A

direct acting - eg Uv directly interacting with DNA

pro carcinogens - require enzymatic activation before they can react with DNA

35
Q

how does benzopyrene cause cancer

A

can be generated through combustion of organic material such as tobacco or meat - it is a procarcinogen which requires TP53 to be activated in the body

36
Q

how are defects in NER linked to cancer

A

defects in nucleotide excision repair leads to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) which is a rare inherited direr characterised by sensitivity to UV leading to high frequency of skin cancers

37
Q

how does the ATM gene link cancer

A

defects in ATM lead to ataxia telangiectasia - autosomal recessive disorder, increases incidence of cancers

38
Q

what happens if there is a defect in the repair genes MSH2 and MLH1

A

leads to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

lifetime increase in the risk of developing colorectal and other cancers

39
Q

genetic polymorphisms in what types of enzymes can lead to increase in risk of cancers

A

metabolic activation, detoxifying, DNA repair

40
Q

what about tobacco smoke increases risk of cancer

A

33 carcinogens
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons eg benzopyrene, acrolein, nitrosamines, radioactive lead and polonium
heavy metals

41
Q

what is the increase risk of cancer with mixing alcohol and smoking

A

100x for head and neck cancer

42
Q

how is alcohol linked to cancer

A

oral, oesophageal, bowel and liver cancer
converted to acetaldehyde - can cause dna damage
increase levels of oestrogen and testosterone
increase uptake of carcinogenic chemicals
reduces levels of folate
can kill surface epithelium = more proliferation

43
Q

what is the role of oestrogen in breast cancer

A

increased exposure to oestrogen can stimulate cell division and induce cell damage

44
Q

how is breast cancer risk associated with menarche

A

each year the vey first time you start menstruating the risk of breast cancer decreases by 20%

45
Q

how do oophorectomy and orchiectomy affect cancer rates

A

removal of ovaries reduces risk of breast cancer by 90%

removal of testies reduces prostate cancer incidence

46
Q

how does chronic inflammation affect risk of cancer

A

DNA damage from release of free radicals by immune cells which is the initiation

growth factor induced cell division to repair tissue damage cause by the inflammation is the promotion

47
Q

what are the top 6 cause of cancer

A 
diet 
tobacco 
infection 
reprod behaviours 
occupation 
alcohol

Year 2 - EMS (38 decks)

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