Immunopathology Week 9 - Blood loss

Question 1

What are the stages of Haemostasis?

Answer 1

1. Vasoconstriction of the vessel.
2. Formation of a platelet plug.
3. Coagulation of blood.
4. Clot retraction.
5. Clot dissolution.

Question 2

What process breaks down insoluble fibrin to soluble products?

Answer 2

Fibrinolysis.

Question 3

Define External haemorrhage?

Answer 3

Chronic or recurrent external blood loss to the exterior of body (bleeding).

Question 4

Define internal haemorrhage?

Answer 4

Blood loss that remains in the body.

Question 5

Decreased blood volume is known as?

Answer 5

Hypovolaemia.

Question 6

Fatal cardiac tamponade is caused by?

Answer 6

Pericardial haemorrhage.

Question 7

A fatal rise in intracranial pressure is caused by?

Answer 7

Cerebral haemorrhage.

Question 8

Damage of the cardiovascular and respiratory centres is caused by?

Answer 8

Haemorrhage in the brainstem.

Question 9

Blood vessels narrowing causing an increase in peripheral resistance and a raise of blood pressure is called?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction.

Question 10

What is released by the adrenal gland, increasing blood volume, blood pressure and absorption of sodium and water in the kidneys is?

Answer 10

Aldosterone.

Question 11

What causes cardiac output, thus increases oxygen delivery
to tissues?

Answer 11

Heart rate increases (Tachycardia).

Question 12

A decrease in the number of platelets is called?

Answer 12

Thrombocytopoenia.

Question 13

A defective functioning of platelets is called?

Answer 13

Thrombasthenia

Question 14

What are two disorders that cause defects of the blood vessel walls?

Answer 14

1. Congenital disorders
2. Acquired disorders

Question 15

A very small spot of haemorrhage on skin or mucous membrane is known as?

Answer 15

Petechiae.

Question 16

An area of bleeding into skin or mucous membrane, slightly larger than petechiae is called?

Answer 16

Purpura.

Question 17

A large area of haemorrhage (“bruise”) is called?

Answer 17

Haematoma.

Question 18

A large, subcutaneous haematoma or purpura is called?

Answer 18

Ecchymosis.

Question 19

Bleeding into a joint is called?

Answer 19

Haemarthrosis.

Question 20

Bleeding into the thoracic cavity is called?

Answer 20

Haemothorax.

Question 21

Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity is called?

Answer 21

Haemoperitoneum.

Question 22

Bleeding into the pericardial cavity (pericardial tamponade) is called?

Answer 22

Haemopericardium.

Question 23

The colour of tissue with oxygenated haemoglobin is?

Answer 23

Bright red.

Question 24

The colour of tissue with deoxygenated haemoglobin is?

Answer 24

Cherry red.

Question 25

The colour of tissue with bilirubin is?

Answer 25

Orange yellow.

Question 26

The colour of tissue with biliverdin is?

Answer 26

Greenish.

Question 27

The colour of tissue with haemosiderin is?

Answer 27

Brownish.