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Cognition Yr 2 > incidental forgetting > Flashcards

incidental forgetting Flashcards

1
Q

what is superior autobiographical memory?

A

uncontrolled remembering

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2
Q

what is ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve?

A

there is initial rapid memory loss but forgetting reduces over time

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3
Q

what did meeter et al (2015) discover about remembering public event?

A

failed recall dropped from 60% to 30% in the space of a year

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4
Q

what did bahrick et al (1975) discover about remembering personal events?

A

cued recall of name when given classmates face was impaired, with similar pattern to forgetting curve

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5
Q

what did bahrick (1984) discover about forgetting languages?

A

forgetting taught foreign language levels out after 2 years

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6
Q

what is availability?

A

an item may not have a memory trace anymore

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7
Q

what is accessibility?

A

an item may be stored but may not be accessible any more

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8
Q

what are 3 factors discouraging forgetting?

A
  • better learning at the beginning
  • repeated attempts of retrieval
  • jost’s law
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9
Q

what did linton et al (1975) discover about incomplete/incorrect retrieval?

A

incomplete or incorrect retrieval leads to disrupted memories

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10
Q

are all memories equally vulnerable to disruption?

A

no, they are not all equally vulnerable due to the forgetting curve

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11
Q

what is jost’s law?

A

older memories are forgotten less rapidly than new memories

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12
Q

how long are new memories vulnerable for?

A

until they are consolidated

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13
Q

what is consolidation?

A

transforming memories from a fragile state to a permanent state

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14
Q

what is synaptic consolidation?

A

structural change of synaptic connections, memories are vulnerable until complete

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15
Q

how long can synaptic consolidation take?

A

hours or days

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16
Q

what is systems consolidation?

A

reorganisation of the neural circuit, traces in the cortex make their own links and memory shifts from hippocampus to cortex

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17
Q

how long does systems consolidation take?

A

months or years, memories are vulnerable when reliant on hippocampus

18
Q

what is trace decay?

A

memories weaken due to the passage of time, memory’s activation fades

19
Q

how does frankland et al (2013) say trace decay is related to neurogenesis?

A

trace decay is the opposite of neurogenesis, which is bad for memories in the hippocampus

20
Q

which two factors cant be controlled in trace decay?

A

rehearsal and interference from new memories

21
Q

what are the 2 correlates of time?

A

contextual fluctuation and interference

22
Q

what is contextual fluctuation?

A

difference in context at encoding and retrieval

23
Q

how does incidental context differ over time?

A

incidental context is more similar to recent past than remote past

24
Q

what is interference?

A

cues become assoicated with similar memories which makes it difficult to discriminate between traces

25
Q

why does interference disrupt retrieval?

A

memories associated to similar cues compete and hinder access to the target memory

26
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

new memories impair recall of old memories if they have similar cues

27
Q

what did baddeley & hitch (1977) discover about retroactive interference?

A

newer rugby games interfere with recall of older games

28
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

older memories interfere with the retrieval of recent memories

29
Q

what determines the rate of forgetting newer memories in proactive retrieval?

A

the number of older experiences

30
Q

what is part-set cuing impairment?

A

retrieval is impaired by cues from the same category of the target memory

31
Q

what did slamecka (1968) discover about part-set cuing?

A

providing cues reduced retrieval of the target memory

32
Q

what is anderson et al’s (1994) retrieval induced forgetting?

A

selective/partial retrieval harms recall of other memories related to the retrieved item

33
Q

what did shaw, bjork & handal (1995) discover about retrieval induced forgetting?

A

interrogating ps about stolen items in crime scene impaired memory of related items

34
Q

what does incomplete retrieval cause?

A

forgetting

35
Q

what are 3 interference mechanisms?

A

associative blocking, associative unlearning, inhibition

36
Q

what is associative blocking?

A

cue elicits stronger competitors impacting retrieval of target memory

37
Q

what is associative unlearning?

A

retrieval errors weaken associative bonds

38
Q

what is inhibition?

A

unwanted responses are stopped and alternative responses are strengthened

39
Q

what does inhibition suggest about forgetting?

A

forgetting targets the memory rather than associative cues

40
Q

what is the functional account of forgetting?

A

forgetting controls retrieval in the face of competitors and facilitates retrieval of strengthened memories

41
Q

what did richards & frankland (2017) say is the goal of memory?

A

to guide decision making

42
Q

what did richards & frankland (2017) say forgetting allows?

A

flexible behaviour and generalization of past experiences

Cognition Yr 2 (10 decks)

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