reasoning

Question 1

what is inductive reasoning?

Answer 1

start with premise and arrive at conclusion, but conclusion may not be true

Question 2

what is deductive reasoning?

Answer 2

start with true premise and arrive at valid conclusion

Question 3

what the 4 approaches to each type of deductive reasoning?

Answer 3

• simplifying strategies
• comprehension of terms
• process models
• effects of framing & experience

Question 4

what are the quantifiers of syllogisms?

Answer 4

all, none, some, some not

Question 5

what are the heuristics used in syllogisms?

Answer 5

pick conclusion that matches atmosphere of premise

Question 6

what is ‘atmosphere’?

Answer 6

quality and quantity (affirmitive/negative, universal/particular)

Question 7

what did ceraso & provitera (1971) say about comprehension?

Answer 7

clarifying premises reduces error rates

Question 8

how are mental models formed?

Answer 8

1. construct model based on premises
2. make composite model and draw conclusions
3. validate and check alternatives dont contradict

Question 9

what happens when more models are considered?

Answer 9

more likely to be correct

Question 10

what did copeland & radvansky (2004) say about models?

Answer 10

less accurate when consider more models

Question 11

what did newstead et al (1999) say about models and accuracy?

Answer 11

no correlation between number of models considered and accuracy

Question 12

what did evans et al (1983) find about believable and valid conclusions?

Answer 12

they are more likely to be guessed correctly

Question 13

what did klauer et al (2000) find about base rates?

Answer 13

believable invalid and unbelievable valid conclusions are biased by base rates

Question 14

what is the dual process framework of syllogisms?

Answer 14

if believable = look for consistent models
if unbelievable = look for inconsistent models

Question 15

what happens if a desired model cant be constructed?

Answer 15

swayed by belief

Question 16

what are the conditionals of propositional reasoning?

Answer 16

is, and, not , or

Question 17

what 2 things form a propositional reason?

Answer 17

antecedent and conclusions

Question 18

what are the wason (1968) selection cards?

Answer 18

pick cards to confirm conclusions drawn from premises

Question 19

what cards did oaksford & chater (1994) say should be picked?

Answer 19

p and not-q

Question 20

what are the heuristics used in propositional reasoning (evans and lynch, 1973)?

Answer 20

pick cards that are referred to in question

Question 21

what does the propositional reasoning heuristic rule out?

Answer 21

confirmation bias

Question 22

what did gebauer & laming (1997) say about comprehension?

Answer 22

many misunderstand the rule but reason consistently after that

Question 23

how are mental models formed in propositional reasoning?

Answer 23

draw conclusions for many different models

Question 24

what did griggs & cox (1982) find plays a role in propositional reasoning?

Answer 24

ecological rationality

Question 25

what is deontic reasoning?

Answer 25

based on rule-breaking

Question 26

what did cosmides (1989) say about deontic reasoning?

Answer 26

we are evolved to detect those who violate rules

Question 27

what did manktelow & over (1990) discover about deontic reasoning?

Answer 27

cheater detection

Question 28

how does relevance and expected utility affect reasoning?

Answer 28

choose cards based on relevance and expected utility of various cards in the problem

Question 29

what is the matching heuristic?

Answer 29

items mentioned in rule seem relevant

Question 30

what is cheater detection?

Answer 30

high utility to finding took-benefit-didn’t-pay

Question 31

what did girotto et al (2001) say about relevance?

Answer 31

context change causes people to wrongly choose card that seems relevant

Question 32

what did sperber & girotto (2002) say about selection tasks?

Answer 32

selection task as tool for studying human inference has been grossly overestimated