memory

Question 1

what is episodic memory described as?

Answer 1

mental time travel

Question 2

who theorised episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 2

edward tulving

Question 3

how is sematic memory recalled after a short delay?

Answer 3

recall the specific episode when learning took place

Question 4

how is semantic memory recalled after a long delay?

Answer 4

retrieve info from the LTM

Question 5

what did spiers, maguire & burgess (2001) discover about hippocampal amnesia?

Answer 5

there is substantial episodic loss but minimal, variable semantic loss

Question 6

what did clark & maguire (2016) theorise about amnesia?

Answer 6

it may affect acquisition of new memories more than the retrieval of old memories

Question 7

what was discovered about semantic dementia patients’ memory loss?

Answer 7

severe semantic damage but intact episodic and cognitive abilities

Question 8

what is damaged in semantic dementia patients’ brains?

Answer 8

anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes

Question 9

what are schemas?

Answer 9

structured representations of knowledge influenced by socio-cultural factors?

Question 10

what do schemas affect?

Answer 10

encoding and retrieval

Question 11

what did bartlett discover in his ‘war of the ghosts’ study?

Answer 11

ps reconstructed memory using schemas to make the story make sense to them

Question 12

what did bartlett stress about memory?

Answer 12

meaning before effort

Question 13

what sulin & dooling (1974) find?

Answer 13

schema knowledge affects memory recall

Question 14

what does meaning affect?

Answer 14

encoding and storage

Question 15

what did carmichael et al (1932) find?

Answer 15

items were recalled differently depending on what meaning was assigned to them

Question 16

what did jenkins & russell (1952) find?

Answer 16

semantically related words are recalled in clusters

Question 17

what was paivio’s dual-coding hypothesis?

Answer 17

more imageable words are more meaningful as they are encoded visually and verbally

Question 18

what do multiple encoding routes result in?

Answer 18

better recall

Question 19

what is craik & lockhart (1972) levels of processing hypothesis?

Answer 19

items are encoded best semantically, followed by phonologically, followed by visually

Question 20

what input contributes most to LTM?

Answer 20

semantic input

Question 21

what did craik & lockhart (1975) find?

Answer 21

semantic input leads to deeper processing and better recall

Question 22

are different inputs processed simultaneously or sequentially?

Answer 22

simultaneously

Question 23

what is transfer-appropriate processing?

Answer 23

learning is more efficient when you are tested the same way you learn

Question 24

what did morris, bransford & franks (1977) discover about phonological learning?

Answer 24

rhyming recognition tests showed phonological learning led to better recall

Question 25

what does rich and elaborate encoding lead to?

Answer 25

better memory

Question 26

what is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 26

remembering info as it was learned

Question 27

what is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 27

linking info to other material

Question 28

what are 4 factors that aid encoding?

Answer 28

active creation, LOP/TAP, organisation, create connections

Question 29

what did bower et al (1969) discover about organisation?

Answer 29

recall is better when info is organised

Question 30

what did tulving (1962) discover about chunking?

Answer 30

memory is benefited by chunking info

Question 31

what are concepts?

Answer 31

mental representations and fundamental units of thought

Question 32

how do concepts link in with semantic knowledge?

Answer 32

semantic knowledge contains concepts

Question 33

what is collins & quillian's (1969) hierarchical network model?

Answer 33

semantic memory is organised into hierarchical networks

Question 34

what are nodes in the hierarchical network model?

Answer 34

they are major concepts

Question 35

what is associated with nodes in the hierarchical network model?

Answer 35

properties/features are associated with each node

Question 36

what is a cognitive economy in the hierarchical network model?

Answer 36

properties are stored higher up to minimise redundancy

Question 37

where do we infer answers from according to the hierarchical network model?

Answer 37

properties of higher nodes

Question 38

what is collins & loftus' (1975) spreading activation model?

Answer 38

semantic memory is organised by semantic relatedness, represented by the length of links

Question 39

how does activation spread in the spreading activation model?

Answer 39

between nodes, decreasing when it gets further away from the point of activation

Question 40

what is the deese-roediger-mcdermott paradigm?

Answer 40

activation should spread from all presented words to one related word

Question 41

what did mcnamara (1992) discover in his semantic priming tasks?

Answer 41

presenting semantically related stimuli with a target word makes processing faster (prime + target)

Question 42

what is situated simulation theory?

Answer 42

contect influences processing of concepts

Question 43

what do concepts incorporate according to situated simulation theory?

Answer 43

perceptual properties and action/motor properties