Infect/Immun drugs for final

Question 1

Class:
Generic: Amoxicillin
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:
Antidote: epinephrine

Answer 1

Class: Penicillins
Generic: Amoxicillin
Action: Destroys bacterial cell wall by inhibiting transpeptidase; broad spectrum
Uses: Ear and throat infections
Precautions: Renal dysfunction; penicillin allergy (mold sensitivity)
Adverse Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions (bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, edema)
Antidote: epinephrine

Question 2

Class:
Generic: Vancomycin
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 2

Class: Monobactam
Generic: Vancomycin
Action: Destroys cell wall by binding to synthesis molecules; narrow spectrum
Uses: Serious infections (MRSA, ECRA, C. diff)
Precautions: Monitor drug levels
Adverse Effects: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, Red Man’s Syndrome (rash, low BP from rapid infusion)

Question 3

Class:
Generic: Erythromycin
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 3

Class: Macrolide
Generic: Erythromycin
Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking ribosomes
Uses: Pneumonia, Legionnaires disease, whooping cough
Precautions: Risk of QT prolongation, lethal arrhythmias
Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, Torsades de Pointes

Question 4

Class:
Generic: Gentamicin
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 4

Class: Aminoglycoside
Generic: Gentamicin
Action: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
Uses: Serious infections; IV only
Precautions: Renal dysfunction, vestibulocochlear nerve issues
Adverse Effects: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, movement disorders

Question 5

Class:
Generic: Ciprofloxacin
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 5

Class: Quinolone
Generic: Ciprofloxacin
Action: Inhibits DNA replication; broad spectrum
Uses: UTI, respiratory, GI, bone/joint infections
Precautions: Pregnancy category C, CNS effects, mineral interactions
Adverse Effects: Achilles tendon rupture, reduced absorption with metals (Al, Mg, Fe, Zn)

Question 6

Class:
Generic: Isoniazid
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 6

Class: Antituberculosis
Generic: Isoniazid
Action: Bactericidal and bacteriostatic (kills/stops replication)
Uses: Active tuberculosis
Precautions: Liver/renal dysfunction, pregnancy category C
Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy (Vitamin B6 depletion), interacts with theophylline/warfarin

Question 7

Class:
Generic: Itraconazole
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 7

Class: Azole
Generic: Itraconazole
Action: Inhibits ergosterol synthesis; blocks fungal CYP450 enzymes
Uses: Systemic and superficial fungal infections (IV and PO)
Precautions: Liver injury can impact cholesterol metabolism
Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity

Question 8

Class:
Generic: Amphotericin B
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 8

Class: Polyene
Generic: Amphotericin B
Action: Fungicidal/fungistatic; disrupts fungal cell membrane
Uses: Systemic mycoses (IV only; reserved for serious cases)
Precautions: Nephrotoxic in all patients; hydrate with 1L normal saline
Adverse Effects: Fever/chills (“shake and bake”), nephrotoxicity

Question 9

Class:
Generic: Acyclovir
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 9

Class: Antiviral
Generic: Acyclovir
Action: Inhibits viral DNA replication
Uses: HSV, VZV, CMV infections
Precautions: HSV resistance in immunocompromised; renal failure
Adverse Effects: Nephrotoxicity (precipitate in renal tubules); available IV, oral, topical

Question 10

Class:
Generic: Indinavir
Action:
Uses:
Precautions:
Adverse Effects:

Answer 10

Class: Protease inhibitor
Generic: Indinavir
Action: Inhibits protease enzyme to stop HIV before it exits CD4 cells
Uses: HIV (as part of combination therapy)
Precautions: Not used as monotherapy; interacts with St. John’s Wort (clears drug too fast)
Adverse Effects: Lipodystrophy, nephrolithiasis, hyperglycemia (common to protease inhibitors)