Renal/cardiac drugs for final

Question 1

Class:
Generic Name: Furosemide
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 1

Class: Loop diuretics (high-ceiling)
Generic Name: Furosemide
Action: Inhibits Na⁺/Cl⁻ reabsorption and increases K⁺ excretion at the ascending loop of Henle (rapid onset)
Use: Hypertension, CHF, pulmonary edema
Precaution: Effective with low GFR; avoid in dehydration or renal failure
Side Effect: HYPOkalemia, HYPOnatremia, HYPERglycemia, HYPERuricemia, irreversible hearing loss if pushed too fast IV

Question 2

Class:
Generic Name: Hydrochlorothiazide
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 2

Class: Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretic
Generic Name: Hydrochlorothiazide
Action: Blocks Na⁺ and Cl⁻ reabsorption at the early distal tubule (peaks in 4–6 hrs)
Use: Hypertension, mild edema
Precaution: Not effective with low GFR; avoid during pregnancy
Side Effect: ↓K⁺, ↓Na⁺, ↑glucose, ↑uric acid

Question 3

Class:
Generic Name: Spironolactone
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 3

Class: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Generic Name: Spironolactone
Action: Blocks aldosterone at distal tubule; conserves potassium
Use: CHF, edema, hyperaldosteronism
Precaution: Use cautiously in renal dysfunction
Side Effect: HYPERkalemia, endocrine effects (gynecomastia, irregular menstruation)

Question 4

Class:
Generic Name: Captopril
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 4

Class: ACE inhibitor
Generic Name: Captopril
Action: Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to II; reduces aldosterone and Na⁺ reabsorption
Use: Hypertension, CHF, MI, diabetic nephropathy
Precaution: Avoid in pregnancy, renal failure
Side Effect: Dry cough, angioedema, HYPERkalemia

Question 5

Class:
Generic Name: Losartan
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 5

Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
Generic Name: Losartan
Action: Blocks angiotensin II from binding ⇒ vasodilation
Use: Hypertension, CHF, diabetic nephropathy
Precaution: Avoid in pregnancy (Category D); renal impairment
Side Effect: Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness

Question 6

Class:
Generic Name: Diltiazem
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:
Antidote:

Answer 6

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker
Generic Name: Diltiazem
Action: Inhibits calcium influx; ↓contractility and SA/AV node conduction; vasodilation
Use: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias
Precaution: First-pass metabolism; avoid grapefruit juice
Side Effect: Constipation, peripheral edema, bradycardia
Antidote: Calcium gluconate (IV)

Question 7

Class:
Generic Name: Propranolol
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 7

Class: Beta blocker
Generic Name: Propranolol
Action: Blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors ⇒ ↓HR, ↓contractility, ↓AV conduction
Use: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, MI
Precaution: Caution in asthma, diabetes; taper slowly
Side Effect: Bradycardia, fatigue, bronchoconstriction, depression

Question 8

Class:
Generic Name: Enoxaparin (basically heparin)
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:
Antidote:

Answer 8

Class: Anticoagulant
Generic Name: Enoxaparin
Action: Inactivates factor Xa
Use: DVT/PE prevention, immobility, post-op
Precaution: Subcutaneous only; avoid in bleeding disorders
Side Effect: Bleeding, hemorrhage
Antidote: protamine sulfate

Question 9

Class:
Generic Name: Warfarin (Coumadin)
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:
Antidote:

Answer 9

Class: Anticoagulant
Generic Name: Warfarin
Action: Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Use: A-fib, DVT/PE prophylaxis, valve replacements
Precaution: Avoid in pregnancy (Category X), liver disease
Side Effect: Hemorrhage, allergy, red-orange urine
Antidote: vitamin K

Question 10

Class:
Generic Name: Atorvastatin
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 10

Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Generic Name: Atorvastatin
Action: Inhibits cholesterol synthesis enzyme
Use: Hyperlipidemia, CV disease prevention, diabetes risk reduction
Precaution: Avoid in pregnancy (Category X); monitor liver enzymes
Side Effect: Myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hepatotoxicity

Question 11

Class:
Generic Name: Nitroglycerin
Action:
Use:
Precaution:
Side Effect:

Answer 11

Class: Organic nitrate
Generic Name: Nitroglycerin
Action: Vasodilation of arteries and veins ⇒ ↓preload & afterload
Use: Angina pectoris (chest pain)
Precaution: Avoid in head trauma, anemia; use with BB/CCB to prevent reflex tachycardia
Side Effect: Severe headache, blurred vision, hypotension, dizziness