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Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases? How are they spread?

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person. They are spread by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.

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2
Q

What are non - communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person

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3
Q

What can cause ill health?

A

Communicable and non - communicable diseases, stress, diet, environment, etc

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4
Q

What type of disease is tuberculosis?

A

Communicable

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5
Q

How do some diseases interact with each other?

A

A disease which deteriorates the immune system increases the risk of contracting communicable diseases.

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6
Q

In some people, Human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause…

A

cervical cancer

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7
Q

How do allergies work?

A

The body is infected with a pathogen, which the immune system fights off. The person is left with an allergy.

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8
Q

Sometimes a ______ illness can be triggered by a _______ illness.

A

mental, physical

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9
Q

What are pathogens? What are 4 types of pathogens?

A

Pathogens are micro-organisms that cause infectious disease. Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi.

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10
Q

How often can bacteria divide under ideal conditions?

A

Every 20m

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11
Q

What chemicals do bacteria release? What do they do/

A

Toxins, damage tissues to make us feel ill.

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12
Q

Viruses can only reproduce inside a ______

A

Host cell

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13
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Air, water, direct contact between individuals

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14
Q

Viruses cannot be killed by ____

A

antibiotics

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15
Q

What is measles? How is it spread?

A

A highly infectious disease. The virus is spread in droplets through the air.

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16
Q

What is HIV? How is it spread?

A

First symptom is a flu - like illness. HIV attacks the cells of the immune system until is becomes so badly damage that it cannot fight off other infections. At this point, the patient has AIDS. Spread through the exchange of fluid between humans

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17
Q

How can HIV be stopped?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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18
Q

Bacteria can be killed by ____

A

antibiotics

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19
Q

What is salmonella? How is it caused?

A

Salmonella is a form of food poisoning. It is spread via the ingesting of infected food (food prepared in unhygienic conditions).

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20
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea is an STD. It’s symptoms are a thick yellow / green discharge from the penis of vagina. It causes pain when urinating

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21
Q

What is malaria? What are the symptoms?

A

Malaria is a communicable disease spread by a protist. People infected with malaria experience repeated bours of fever.

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22
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

An infected person is bitten by a mosquito - malaria pathogen passes on to mosquito
Mosquito bites a different person, passing the pathogen to them.

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23
Q

What is something called that carries a pathogen but doesn’t get infected, rather infects somebody else?

A

A vector.

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24
Q

How to stop the spread of malaria?

A

Drain areas of still water
Spray still water with insecticide
Sleep under mosquito net spray with insecticide

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25
What is the job of the non specific defence system?
Prevent pathogens from entering the body
26
What are the parts of the non specific defense system?
Skin Stomach Nose Lungs
27
How does the skin stop pathogens getting into the body? What does it do in the event that it is damaged?
Layer of dead cells in hard for pathogens to penetrate Produces sebum, which can kill bacteria. The skin scabs over.
28
How does the nose stop pathogens from entering the body?
Contains hair and mucus which can trap pathogens. (Not always effective
29
How do the lungs stop pathogens?
Trachea and bronchi are covered in cilia which are covered in mucus and trap pathogens.
30
How does the stomach defend against pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
31
What are the 2 main functions of the immune system?
To destroy pathogens and any toxins they produce To protect us in case the same type of pathogen invades again in the future
32
What does a white blood cell do?
Ingests pathogens Uses enzymes to destroy pathogens (phagocystosis)
33
What are antibodies? How do they work?
Protein molecules produced by white blood cells. They stick to and destroy pathogens.
34
Key facts about antibodies
They are extremely specific They remain in the blood for a long time.
35
What are antitoxins? What do they do?
Antitoxins are produced by the white blood cells and stick to toxin molecules to prevent them from damaging cells.`
36
What is tobacco mosaic virus?
Viral disease Causes leaves to discolour in mosaic pattern, reducing the rate of photosynthesis. This also means plant growth is reduced
37
What is rose black spot?
Caused by a fungus. Causes the leaves to develop purple or black spots. Leaves then turn yellow and fall off. Causes photosynthesis and growth to reduce.
38
How is rose black spot treated?
Spray the plant with fungicides Remove and destroy infected leaves
39
How does vaccination work?
A small amount of a dead or inactive version of a pathogen is introduced into the body. The white blood cells produce antibodies against the dead or inactive pathogen. White blood cells divides via mitosis, so the correct antibodies remain in the body.
40
How do antibiotics work
They kill infective bacteria in the body without harming body cells
41
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria evolve so that the antibiotic is no longer effective
42
What needs to be checked when testing new drugs?
Toxicity Effectiveness Optimal dosage
43
What is the first stage of testing? What is it carried out on?
Preclinical testing - cells, tissues, live animals.
44
What is the second stage of testing? How is this carried out?
Clinical testing. In the first stages, very low dosages are given to healthy volunteers. If it is found to be safe, testing continues to find the optimal dose (best dose to treat the disease with the fewest side effects)
45
What is a placebo?
A tablet or or injection with no active drug in it.
46
What is a double blind test? What is a key fact about this?
The test group receive the active drug. The placebo (control) group is given a placebo drug. Neither patients nor doctors know who is receiving the actual drug (to avoid bias)
47
What do lymphocytes produce antibodies against? What are they called?
Anything the body detects as foreign (antigens)
48
How can monoclonal antibodies be produced?
A mouse in injected with an antigen. Lymphocytes produces antibodies against the antigen. Lymphocytes are collected from the mouse Lymphocytes are fused with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell Select a single hybridoma cell producing the desired antibody Hybridoma cell divides by mitosis to form monoclonal antibodies
49
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Specific to a single binding site on one protein antigen Made from a single clone of a hybridoma cell
50
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing?
They are used to detect a specific hormone produced by the placenta of a developing fetus
51
How are monoclonal antibodies used in blood? Why are they used?
They are used to measure the hormone levels in blood. They are completely specific to what we are looking for.
52
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate molecules within a cell?
They are attached to fluorescent dies, then stick to specific molecules, showing us their locations.
53
How can monoclonal antibodies be used for treating cancer?
An antibody specific to the cancer cell is made. A radioactive substance / toxic drug is attached to the antibody. When is it injected into the blood, the monoclonal antibody attaches to the cancer cells, and the toxic drug stops it from dividing
54
What are aphids?
Aphids are insects that extract nutrients from a plant, stunting it's growth
55
How can we check for plant diseases?
Discolouration Spots on leaves Stunted growth Decay / rot Growths Malformed stems or leaves
56
How can we identify a plant disease?
Use a garden manual or website Take infected plant to a lab to identify the pathogen Use testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
57
What does a lack of the nitrate ion cause?
Stunted growth (nitrate is needed for protein synthesis)
58
What does a lack of the magnesium ion cause?
Chlorosis (magnesium is required to make chlorophyll)
59
What are the 3 main defence systems plant has?
Physical response Chemical response
60
What are the physical responses in a plant?
Cell wall is difficulty for bacteria to penetrate Leaves are covered with waxy cuticle Bark blocks micro organisms from entering the tree
61
What are the chemical responses in a plant?
Plants release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria Plants release poisons to deter grazing
62
What is a plant's mechanical defence system?
Sharp thorns protect a plant from being eaten Hairs irritate the mouth of herbivores Sometimes plants have leaves that droop when touched Plants mimic others - e.g. white dead nettle (look like a stinging nettle but doesn't sting.

Biology (9 decks)

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