Organisation Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Cells are often ___ ?
A
Specialized
2
Q
Muscle cells contain ___, which provides energy.
A
Mitochondria
3
Q
A tissue is a ___?
A
Group of cells working together
4
Q
An organ is a ___?
A
Group of tissues working together.
5
Q
Organs are grouped into ___?
A
Organ systems
6
Q
What main nutrients does food contain?
A
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
7
Q
Nutrients are all ___ ?
A
Large molecules
8
Q
How are large molecules broken down?
A
By using enzymes
9
Q
What are enzymes?
A
Catalysts
10
Q
Small molecules can be ___?
A
Absorbed into the bloodstream
11
Q
How does the mouth work?
A
- Food is chewed
- Enzymes in saliva begin digesting starch
12
Q
How does the stomach work?
A
- Enzymes digest proteins
- Churning turns food intro fluid
13
Q
How does the small intestine work?
A
Enzymes continue digestion
Small molecules absorbed into bloodstream
14
Q
How does the liver work?
A
Produces bile
15
Q
What is bile?
A
Speeds up lipid digestion - Not an enzyme.
Neutralizes stomach acid (Alkaline)
Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder.
16
Q
How does the large intestine work?
A
Water is absorbed into the bloodstream
Faeces is removed from body
17
Q
What are enzymes?
A
Catalysts that speed up digestion
18
Q
How do enzymes work?
A
Substrates attach to active site
19
Q
What is the lock and key theory?
A
Enzymes are substrate - specific
20
Q
What are proteins?
A
chains of amino acids
21
Q
What is starch?
A
a chain of glucose molecules
22
Q
Which enzyme breaks down each nutrient?
A
Carbohydrates - carbohydrase
Lipids - lipase
Proteins - protease
23
Q
How does temp affect enzymes?
A
activity increases until optimal temp
enzymes denature above optimal temp
24
Q
How does pH affect enzymes?
A
enzymes works at optimal pH
above / below = enzymes denature
25
What is denaturing?
Enzyme active site changing shape
26
How to test for carbohydrates in food?
Use mortar and pestle to grind food into paste
Transfer paste into beaker and add distilled water. Stir so the chemical s from the food dissolve into the water.
Filter solution to remove food particles
Place 2cm^3 of the solution in a test tube
Add a few drops of iodine solution (orange)
If present, iodine will turn blue / black.
27
How to test for glucose in food?
Use mortar and pestle to grind food into paste
Transfer paste into beaker and add distilled water. Stir so the chemical s from the food dissolve into the water.
Filter solution to remove food particles
Place 2cm^3 of the solution in a test tube
Add 10 drops of benedict's solution (blue)
Place test tube in beaker, half fill with hot water and leave for 5 minutes.
If sugars are present, benedict's solution will turn green / yellow / red.
28
How to test for protein in a food?
Use mortar and pestle to grind food into paste
Transfer paste into beaker and add distilled water. Stir so the chemical s from the food dissolve into the water.
Filter solution to remove food particles
Place 2cm^3 of the solution in a test tube
Add 2cm^3 of biuret solution (blue)
If protein is present, it will turn purple.
29
How to test for lipids in a food?
Use mortar and pestle to grind food into paste
Transfer paste into beaker and add distilled water. Stir so the chemical s from the food dissolve into the water.
DO NOT FILTER
Add a few drops of distilled water and ethanol
Gently shake solution
If lipids are present, a cloudy, white emulsion will form.
30
Test effect of pH on amylase
Place 1 drop of iodine into each well of a spotting table
Add 2cm^3 starch solution into a test tube
Add 2cm^3 amylase solution into a test tube
Add 2cm^3 pH 5 buffer solution into a test tube
Place test tubes in water bath (30c, 10m)
Combine into 1 test tube and mix with stirring rod
Return test tube to water bath and start stopwatch
Every 30s, place 1 drop of the solution into a spotting tile well (until iodine remains orange) (reaction finished)
Note time taken
Repeat for other pH buffers
31
What is a potential issue with the method use the test the effect of pH on an amylase solution? How can we reduce this?
The method relies on a person determining if iodine has changed colour, allowing for inaccurate results.
Get several people to look at the solution.
32
The method used for checking for glucose only works for ____ sugars.
reducing
33
A pH buffer is used to ________.
Control the pH level.
34
How long is the small intestine?
5m
35
The interior of the small intestine is coverered in millions of ______.
Villi
36
What do villi do?
They increase the surface area of the small intestine.
37
Villi have a good ______, so the ________.
blood supply, bloostream rapidly removes the products of indigestion.
38
Fish have a _____ circulatory system, while humans have a ______circulatory system.
single, double.
39
How many chambers does the heart have? What are they called?
4
Left / atrium, Left / right ventricle
40
What does the vena cava do?
Brings deoxiginated blood back from the body.
41
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Sends blood to the lungs.
42
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Brings blood back from the lungs.
43
What does the aorta do?
Sends blood to the body.
44
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall? Why?
Left side - it pumps blood to the whole body rather than just the lungs.
45
Corornary arteries branch out of the ____ and spread out on the ______.
aorta, heart muscle
46
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells found in the ______ called the ______.
right atrium, pacemaker.
47
Arteries carry _______ to _____.
high pressure blood, organs.
48
Thin walls in the capilleries allows for _____.
rapid diffusion.
49
Blood travels ________ in veins, meaning it could ______.
slowly, at a low pressure
stop or go backwards
50
Valves in veins close when _____.
blood is flowing backwards.
51
What is plasma? What is it used for?
The liquid part of blood
Transports soluble digestion products, carbon dioxide and urea
52
What is the function of red blood cells? What adaptations allow them to do this?
Transport oxygen
Contain Haemoglobin
Are concaved
53
What do white bloods cells do?
Ingest pathogens (phagocytes)
Make antibodies (lymphocytes)
54
What do platelets do?
Help clot blood
55
Pros and cons of donated blood
Pros:
Can replace blood lost during injury
Extracted platelets can help with clotting
Proteins extracted from blood can be useful for antibody creation
Cons:
Must be from the same blood type
Risk of infection
56
Cardiovascular diseases are ______.
non - communicable
57
What is coronary heart disease
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, reducing the blood flow and oxygen going to the heart muscle.
58
If the heart valves do not fully open, the ______, which can cause the _______.
heart must work harder, heart to enlarge
59
Explain gas exchange in the lungs
Air passes into the lungs via the trachea
Trachea splits into 2 bronchi
Bronchi split into bronchioles
Bronchioles end in alveoli
Oxygen diffuses from air into the blood
CO2 diffuses from the blood into the air
60
Define communicable and non communicable diseases.
Communicable diseases can be spread from person to person while non communicable diseases cannot.
61
What is health?
The state of physical and mental wellbeing.
62
What can ill health be caused by?
Diseases, poor diet, stress, other life situations (e.g. working with toxic chemicals).
63
Some diseases can be caused by another. True or False?
True
64
HPV is very common and in most cases is ______.
In some cases, HPV can cause ______.
essentially harmless, cervical cancer.
65
Sometimes a disease can be triggered by ______. How does this happen?
immune system
The immune system fights off a pathogen
The person can be left with an allergy
66
Sometimes a ______ can be triggered by a ________.
mental illness, physical illness.
67
What is the role of the upper and lower epidermis?
To protect the leaf
68
The lower epidermis contains pores called _____. What is the function of these pores?
stomata, to allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave
69
What is palisade mesophyll?
A group of palisade cells, which contain chloroplasts.
70
What is spongy mesophyll?
Full of air spaces with allow co2 to diffuse from the stomata to the palisade cells, and for o2 to diffuse the other way around
71
What does xylem transport?
water and dissolved mineral ions
72
What does phloem tissue transport? What is this called?
Dissolved sugars, translocation.
73
What is meristem tissue?
Tissue found at growing tips (e.g. roots and shoots)
Contains stem cells, which can differentiate into different types of tissue.
74
What is the transpiration stream?
Water evaporates from cells inside the leaf
Water vapor diffuses through air spaces in the spongy mesophyll, leaving the leaf via the stomata.
Water passes from xylem into the leaf to replace lost water.
Water is drawn into the root hair cells and up the xylem vessels into the leaf.
75
What factors affect the rate of transpiration?
Heat
Dry conditions
Windy conditions
