INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1-3 ALL Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
What condition are cats at a 6x risk of due to vaccination?
A
Chronic kidney disease
This is due to antigens left that can cause autoantibodies to form.
2
Q
In case of an adverse side effect from vaccination, which agency should be reported to?
A
Veterinary Medicines Directive
3
Q
The first dose of which vaccine can cause immune-mediated polyarthritis in kittens?
A
Feline calicivirus (FCV)
4
Q
FPV & FeLV provide solid immunity, but ______ & _______ vaccines only protect against clinical signs.
A
FHV-1, FCV
5
Q
Which guidelines should we use: vaccine guidelines or datasheets?
A
Vaccine guidelines
6
Q
List the 4 NON-CORE vaccines for cats.
A
- Chlamydia felis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- FIV
- FIP
7
Q
Giving repeated doses of vaccines puts a cat at risk of damage to which organ?
A
Kidneys
8
Q
Colostrum-deprived kittens should be started on vaccines around ___ weeks of age.
A
4
9
Q
Vaccination should be through _________ vaccines or __________ __________ (unrelated mother cat plasma?).
A
killed, passive immunity
10
Q
If maternally derived antibodies are strong, start kitten vaccination at >= ____ weeks.
A
16
11
Q
Maternally derived antibodies can last to: FHV-1 = _______ weeks, FCV = _______ weeks, FPV = _______ weeks.
A
2-10, 10-14, 12-16+
12
Q
Which 2 core feline vaccines should be given live?
A
FPV, FCV
13
Q
Which core feline vaccine should be given killed?
A
FHV-1
14
Q
For core vaccines, a healthy cat at low risk should receive a booster every ___ years.
A
3
15
Q
Which 2 feline bacterial vaccines are only recommended when there is a proven problem in the cattery/household?
A
- Chlamydia felis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
16
Q
FPV: This virus is very stable, and can survive for over ___ __________ at room temperature in organic material.
A
1 year
17
Q
Older kitten infections from FPV often involve __________ with a particular smell, and sometimes blood.
A
Diarrhea
18
Q
Morbidity is high with FPV, with mortality varying from _________ (range, percentage).
A
25-75%
19
Q
FIA: Which three organisms cause this disease?
A
- Mycoplasma haemofelis
- Mycoplasma turicensis
- Mycoplasma haemominutum
20
Q
FIA: Route of transmission is via saliva through _________ and ________.
A
biting, fleas
21
Q
Which kind of test should be used for FIA?
A
PCR
22
Q
FIA: This disease should be treated with which two antibiotics?
A
- Doxycycline
- Pradofloxacin
23
Q
The immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in FIA should be treated with which drug?
A
Prednisolone
24
Q
Prevalence of FeLV & FIV: sick cats = ______ (percentage), healthy cats = _____ (range, percentage).
A
15%, 1-5%
25
Horizontal transmission within households is more likely to occur with which virus?
FeLV
26
In general, what percentage of cats have: Progressive infection = _____, Regressive infection = _____, Abortive infection = _____?
30%, 30%, 30%
27
What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA -, PCR -, NAb +?
Abortive
28
Which clinical sign is seen in 5-15% of FeLV+, and also seen in FIV+?
Neoplasia
29
FeLV can be associated with other disorders, the main two being ____________ ___________ and ________.
Hemorrhagic enteritis, uveitis
30
FIV: These animals should not be vaccinated because this virus lives in __________ ____ _______.
Memory T cells
31
Which drugs are useful in FeLV & FIV due to their anti-inflammatory action?
Corticosteroids
32
To determine when to biopsy an injection-site mass, we can use the 1-2-3 rule. What does the first rule state?
If the lump is growing 1 month after injection
33
The risk of which feline adverse side effect is greater in the US than in the UK?
Feline injection site sarcoma
34
The goal is to vaccinate _______ (more/less?) cats _______ (more/less?) frequently.
more, less
35
List the 5 CORE vaccines for cats.
* Feline panleukopenia/parvo virus
* Feline leukemia virus
* Feline calicivirus
* Feline herpesvirus-1
* Rabies
36
Feline parvovirus (FPV) is also known as feline ___________?
Panleukopenia
37
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is also known as feline ____________ _______?
Rhinotracheitis virus
38
It is recommended to start vaccinating kittens at _______ (range) weeks of age, and then again every _______ (range) weeks until 16 weeks.
8-12, 2-4
39
If using modified live vaccines for adults with lapsed/unknown vaccine history, how many doses are likely sufficient?
1
40
To prevent FISS, we should vaccinate cats: Rabies -> ____ ___________, FeLV -> ____ __________, Core -> ____________.
R hindlimb, L hindlimb, forelimb
41
Almost all that is true of Feline Panleukopenia Virus is also true of which virus?
Canine parvovirus
42
FPV: almost all cats will be exposed to this virus because it is ___________ in the environment and highly ___________.
ubiquitous, contagious
43
FPV: disease is most often seen in ____________ cats of _______ (range) months of age.
unvaccinated, 2-4
44
FPV: why is disease seen less often in kittens of <2 months of age?
Maternally derived antibodies
45
FPV: transmission occurs via the _____-__________ route, by ________ __________, and via ______________ contamination.
oro-fecal, direct contact, environmental
46
FPV: this virus replicates/has tropism for which type of cells?
Rapidly dividing cells
47
In addition to replicating in rapidly diving cells, FPV also replicates in the ______ (abbreviation) of unborn & neonatal kittens.
CNS
48
Early to mid-stage in utero infection with FPV can result in fetal _______, ___________, or ___________.
* Death
* Resorption
* Abortion
49
Late-stage gestation or neonatal infection with FPV can result in profound & permanent suppression of the _________ system.
immune
50
FPV: Treatment relies on supportive care, including intensive __________ therapy, broad-spectrum ___________, and anti-emetics.
fluid, antibiotics
51
What does FIA stand for?
Feline infectious anemia
52
One of the most characteristic signs of FIA is what condition?
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
53
The transmission of FeLV & FIV is via ________, especially through biting.
saliva
54
These viruses have a high prevalence in feral & farm cats, especially in entire _______ (males/females?) that fight frequently.
males
55
Which of these viruses can never be cleared?
FIV
56
Which of these viruses can be cleared at multiple points in its infective cycle?
FeLV
57
What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA +, PCR +/-?
Regressive
58
What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA +, PCR +?
Progressive
59
What type of FeLV infection is indicated by ELISA -, PCR -?
Abortive
60
What is the major presentation in FIV+ cats, and in 50% of FeLV+ cats?
Immunosuppression
61
Which clinical sign occurs in 25% of FeLV+ cats?
Anemia
62
Diagnosis of FeLV is via detection of virus ____________.
antigen
63
Diagnosis of FIV is via detection of virus ____________.
antibody
64
Confirmation testing for FeLV is completed using which method?
PCR
65
In healthy cats, an ELISA + result for FeLV is _____________ (reliable/unreliable?).
unreliable
66
In sick cats, an ELISA + result for FeLV is _____________ (reliable/unreliable?).
reliable
67
Confirmation testing for FIV is completed using which method?
PCR
68
Kittens under 6 months of age might test positive for antibodies because of ____________ __________ _____________, via FIV+ queen.
maternally derived antibodies
69
Up to 20% of FIV-infected cats do not have detectable antibody due to _________ infection, terminal __________ ____________, or failure of test system.
early, immune collapse
70
What is the median survival time of FeLV + cats?
2.4 years
71
What is the median survival time of FIV + cats?
4.9 years
72
Vaccines are only available for which of these viral diseases in the UK?
FeLV
73
Infected cats should not be allowed outdoors from the periods of ________ til ________ to prevent fights.
dusk, dawn
74
Longterm management of FeLV & FIV cats focuses on reducing the risk of ___________ to others.
transmission
75
If antibiotics are given, should we use bactericidal or bacteriostatic drugs?
Bactericidal
76
Name the two main retroviruses that infect cats.
* Feline leukemia virus
* Feline immunodeficiency virus
77
Cat flu: This disease is most often caused by which two viruses?
* Feline herpesvirus-1
* Feline calicivirus
78
If a cat presents with tongue ulceration, which causative agent should we suspect?
FCV
79
If a cat presents with corneal lesions, which causative agent should we suspect?
FHV-1
80
Which viral agent causes limping syndrome?
FCV
81
Which viral agent causes vasculitis & jaundice?
Virulent systemic FCV
82
Are flu-like symptoms in cats often caused by a single agent or multiple agents?
Multiple
83
Which bacterial agent causes symptoms in the eyes only?
Chlamydia felis
84
In diagnosing the causative agent of cat flu, we should ask about age, vaccination, and __________ history.
housing
85
To reach a definitive diagnosis, we can swab which two structures for PCR?
* Eye
* Pharynx
86
Do we always need to know the exact causative agent for cat flu?
No
87
Treatment of cat flu generally involves the use of ____________ (ex. amoxiclav).
antibiotics
88
If we must place a feeding tube in cat flu patients, we should avoid placing a tube through the _________ region.
nasal
89
Cats with FHV-1 infections often experience tear-film deficiencies and should be treated with what?
Hyaluronic acid
90
Which immune-modulating compound can be used to treat cat flu patients?
IFN-omega
91
The modified live vaccine for FHV-1/FCV available in the states utilizes which route of administration?
Intranasal
92
Which drug can be used to treat FHV-1 but is expensive and bitter?
Famciclovir
93
Which amino acid can be given to treat FHV-1 by outcompeting arginine?
L-lysine
94
Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?
Polyprenyl immunostimulant
95
If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?
Cidofovir
96
Method of spread for FHV-1 & FCV is __________ over 1-2m.
Aerosol
97
How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?
<24 hours
98
Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?
Cidofovir
## Footnote
Cidofovir works to boost the immune response.
99
If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?
Trifluorothymidine or Cidofovir
100
FHV-1 & FCV: Method of spread = __________ over 1-2m
Aerosol
101
FHV-1 & FCV: How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?
<24 hours
102
FHV-1 & FCV: How long does FCV survive in the environment? (range)
8-10 days
103
What is the mortality rate of VS-FCV?
>50%
## Footnote
Death can occur in 4-9 days.
104
VS-FCV: Clinical signs of this disease include subcutaneous _________, ulcerative ____________, peripheral & systemic ____________, and coagulopathy.
Edema, dermatitis, vasculitis
105
VS-FCV: This disease occurs when a cat from a __________ _________ comes into contact with a new population/individual.
Rescue center
106
VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers with FCV allow for an increase in FCV __________.
Biodiversity
107
VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers with FCV allow for many different _________, persistent infections, __________ infections.
Strains, multiple
108
VS-FCV: Crowded, high-stress rescue centers allow for new FCV strains to mutate leading to higher pathogenicity and altered cell tropism. When these strains enter a new population, they are called __________.
VS-FCV
109
What is the ideal treatment for VS-FCV cases?
High dose interferon, antibiotics
110
Does the routine FCV vaccination protect against VS-FCV?
No
111
FIP: FIP is caused by what kind of virus?
Feline coronavirus
112
FIP: Prevalence in multicat households is _____________, death in multicat households is ____________.
Common, uncommon
113
FIP: Pathogenesis involves infection of _______ followed by replication in _________ & _____________ leading to systemic infection.
Enterocytes, macrophages
114
FIP: The original coronavirus lives in ___________ (cell type), while the twice mutated FIP virus replicates in _____________ (cell type).
Enterocytes, macrophages
115
FIP: Lesions caused by the mutated virus replicating inside macrophages are described as __________.
Granulomatous
116
FIP: FCoV infection with good cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?
Clinically healthy
117
FIP: FCoV infection with partial cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?
Non-effusive FIP
118
FIP: FCoV infection with weak cell-mediated immunity results in what outcome?
Effusive FIP
119
Factors affecting response to FCoV include: 1. Viral __________, 2. Dose of virus, 3. Age, 4. Genetics, 5. Sex.
Strain
120
FIP: What is the main concern with the Cyprus strain of FIP?
Direct transmission
121
FIP: The wet/effusive form tends to be acute and progresses __________.
Rapidly
122
FIP: The dry/non-effusive form is usually more _________, vague & insidious.
Chronic
123
FIP: Diagnosis generally involves proving a _______ viral load in ___________ (cell type).
High, macrophages
124
FIP: Serum biochemistry often shows an A:G ratio of ______, with __________ globulin levels, and __________ alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels.
<0.4, increased, increased
125
FIP: Peritoneal or pleural fluid analysis shows _______ protein, _______ cell count, with ___________ & ____________ (cell types).
High, low, neutrophils, macrophages
126
FIP: Fluid analysis via fine needle aspirate can be done using which two diagnostic aids?
Immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry
127
What kind of PCR should be used for the diagnosis of FIP?
Quantitative
## Footnote
It should be used alongside cytology.
128
FIP: The Idexx FIP PCR test detects viruses with mutated ___ genes.
S
129
FIP: Diagnosis - fluid will be _________ (color), __________ (texture), high protein, low cells, and cells will be ______ __________ neutrophils and _______________.
Yellow, viscous, non-toxic, macrophages
130
FIP: Which two adjunct treatments have the best efficacy?
Polyprenyl immunostimulant, mefloquine
131
FIP: Which antiviral prodrug has 85-90% success?
Remdesivir
## Footnote
Initially IV if severe, then liquid formulation.
132
FIP: Which antiviral can be used to treat these cases, with the same efficacy as remdesivir?
Molnupiravir
133
What tear mucin replacement should be used for cats with FHV-1 infections experiencing tear-film deficiencies?
Hyaluronic acid
134
Which immune-modulating compound can be used to treat cats with cat flu?
IFN-omega
135
What is the route of administration for the modified live vaccine for FHV-1/FCV available in the states?
Intranasal
## Footnote
Offers nonspecific nasal mucosa protection
136
Which drug can be used to treat FHV-1 but is expensive and bitter?
Famciclovir
137
Which amino acid can be given to treat FHV-1 by outcompeting arginine?
L-lysine
## Footnote
Cats must get non-medicated food at least once a day, as arginine is essential for them every single day!
138
Which drug may be the drug of choice when treating FHV-1?
Polyprenyl immunostimulant
## Footnote
Works to boost the immune response
139
If giving eye drops for FHV-1, which drug is easier to use and non-irritating?
Cidofovir
140
What is the method of spread for FHV-1 & FCV?
Aerosol
141
How long does FHV-1 survive in the environment?
<24 hours
142
How long does FCV survive in the environment?
8-10 days
143
What is the mortality rate of VS-FCV?
>50%
## Footnote
Death can occur in 4-9 days
144
What are the clinical signs of VS-FCV?
Edema, dermatitis, vasculitis
145
Where does VS-FCV occur when a cat from a rescue center comes into contact with a new population?
Epidemiology
146
What allows for an increase in FCV strains in crowded, high-stress rescue centers?
Biodiversity, strains, multiple
147
What happens when new FCV strains enter a new population?
VS-FCV
148
What is the ideal treatment for VS-FCV cases?
High dose interferon, antibiotics
149
Does the routine FCV vaccination protect against VS-FCV?
No
150
What kind of virus causes FIP?
Feline coronavirus
151
What is the prevalence of FIP in multicat households?
Common, uncommon
152
What is the pathogenesis of FIP?
FCoV infection -> replication in enterocytes & macrophages -> lives in systemic -> widespread infection -> FIP = 2x mutated FCoV replicating within macrophages
153
Which cell type does the original coronavirus live in?
Enterocytes
154
Which cell type does the twice mutated FIP virus replicate in?
Macrophages
155
How do we describe lesions from FIP?
Granulomatous
156
What is the outcome of good cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?
Clinically healthy
157
What is the outcome of partial cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?
Non-effusive FIP
158
What is the outcome of weak cell-mediated immunity after FCoV infection?
Effusive FIP
159
What factors affect response to FCoV?
Strain, orofecal, young, male
160
What is the main concern with the Cyprus strain of FIP?
Direct transmission
161
How does the wet/effusive form of FIP progress?
Rapidly
## Footnote
Presents with accumulation of high protein fluid in body cavities, inflammation of blood vessels
162
How is the dry/non-effusive form of FIP characterized?
Chronic, vague & insidious
163
What cell type is diagnosed in FIP with a high viral load?
Macrophages
164
What should the A:G ratio show in serum biochemistry for FIP?
<0.4, increased, increased
165
What does peritoneal or pleural fluid analysis show in FIP?
High protein, low cell count, with neutrophils & macrophages
166
Which two diagnostic aids can confirm FIP via fluid analysis?
Immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry
167
What kind of PCR should be used for the diagnosis of FIP?
Quantitative
## Footnote
It should be used alongside cytology
168
What does the Idexx FIP PCR test detect?
Viruses with mutated S genes
169
What is the appearance of fluid in FIP diagnosis?
Yellow, viscous, non-toxic
170
Which two adjunct treatments have the best efficacy for FIP?
Polyprenyl immunostimulant, mefloquine
171
Which antiviral prodrug has 85-90% success in treating FIP?
Remdesivir
## Footnote
Initially IV if severe, then liquid formulation
172
Which antiviral can be used to treat FIP with the same efficacy as remdesivir?
Molnupiravir
