UROLOGY 1

Question 1

What is the normal daily water intake for dogs?

Answer 1

50-100 ml/kg

Question 2

What is the normal daily water intake for cats?

Answer 2

30-50 ml/kg

Question 3

What is the typical urine production for cats?

Answer 3

25-50 ml/kg/day
[1-2ml/kg/hr]

Question 4

What is the typical urine production for dogs?

Answer 4

50 ml/kg/day

Question 5

What are 3 broad signs of upper urinary tract issues?

Answer 5

inability to concentrate urine [polyuria, polydipsia]

failure to produce urine

systemically unwell

Question 6

What is uraemia

Answer 6

constellation of clinical signs associated with nephron loss

Question 7

What are some signs/examples of uraemia?

Answer 7

urine smelling breath
oral ulceration
anorexia
vomiting
lethargy
malaise
neuro signs

Question 8

Is periuria [urine soiling] a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?

Answer 8

lower

Question 9

Is pollakiuria [frequent urination] a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?

Answer 9

lower

Question 10

Is dysuria and stranguria a sign of upper or lower urinary tract issue?

Answer 10

lower

Question 11

Is polyuria and polydipsia a sign of an upper or lower urinary tract issue?

Answer 11

upper

Question 12

Is anuria and oliguria a sign of an upper or lower urinary tract issue?

Answer 12

upper

Question 13

Define oliguria

Answer 13

Decreased urine production (0.25 - 1 ml/kg/hour)

Question 14

What does anuria refer to?

Answer 14

Absent/negligible urine production (<0.25 ml/kg/hour)

Question 15

What is azotaemia? (increase in which 2 products?)

Answer 15

Increased serum nitrogenous waste products (urea and creatinine)

Question 16

What is dysuria?

Answer 16

Painful or difficult urination

Question 17

What does haematuria indicate?

Answer 17

Presence of red blood cells in urine

Question 18

What is the definition of incontinence?

Answer 18

Involuntary urination

Question 19

What is the broad significance of urine specific gravity?

Answer 19

A marker of urine concentration ability

Question 20

How is urine specific gravity measured?

Answer 20

refractometer

Question 21

What does isosthenuria mean?
What is the range for it?

Answer 21

isosthenuria: urine SG is the same as plasma. the kidneys have done nothing

1.008-1.012

Question 22

What is hyposthenuria?

Answer 22

Urine specific gravity ≤ 1.007 (dilute compared to plasma)

Question 23

What is hypersthenuria?

Answer 23

Urine specific gravity ≥ 1.013 (concentrated compared to plasma)

Question 24

What urine specific gravity indicates adequate concentration in dogs?

Answer 24

≥ 1.030

Question 25

What urine specific gravity indicates adequate concentration in cats?

Answer 25

≥ 1.035

Question 26

Rather than measuring urine protien ratio with a dipstick, what is measured instead?

Answer 26

urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP:C)

Question 28

What is considered a normal UP:C ratio for dogs?

Answer 28

< 0.5

Question 29

What is considered normal UP:C for cats?

Answer 29

< 0.4

Question 30

Once the UP:C becomes >2, where is the issue likely located? What if it is <2? [but still high]

Answer 30

>2 glomerulus <2 tubular

Question 31

What is the preferred collection method for urine culture?

Answer 31

Cystocentesis

Question 32

What is elevated blood levels of nitrogenous waste products called?

Answer 32

Azotaemia

Question 33

What is pre-renal azotaemia caused by?

Answer 33

Reduced renal perfusion (dehydration, hypovolaemia) [affects [urine]]

Question 34

What specific gravity indicates pre-renal azotaemia?

Answer 34

>1.030

Question 35

What is renal azotaemia caused by?

Answer 35

nephron damage/loss due to kidney injury

Question 36

What is post-renal azotaemia characterized by?

Answer 36

obstruction/urine leakage into abdomen affects urine volume

Question 37

What specific gravity will be present in renal azotaemia?

Answer 37

isothenuric (1.007-1.012)

Question 38

Which type of azotaemia may have increased urine volume?

Answer 38

only renal

Question 39

In serum biochemistry measurement, what can albumin indicate?

Answer 39

knowing amount of protein present, can indicate glomerular damage

Question 40

In serum biochemistry measurement, what can pottasium indicate?

Answer 40

can increase in kidney obstruction. can drop in chronic issues

Question 41

In serum biochemistry measurement, what can calcium indicate?

Answer 41

can drop in ehtylene glycol toxicities

Question 42

In serum biochemistry measurement, what can high liver (&kidney) values indicate?

Answer 42

possibly leptospirosis

Question 43

How would a GI bleed affect urea in blood?

Answer 43

increase urea: [body treats the bleed as a high protien meal][creatinine would be normal]

Question 44

How would a recent meal affect urea in blood?

Answer 44

increase urea: has to do with protien digestion. more protien has been recently digested

Question 45

Which one bloodwork measure is the best indicator of kidney function? In which breed would it be naturally high?

Answer 45

creatinine greyhounds [creatinine released from muscle and filtered by kidneys. greyhounds are well muscled dogs]

Question 46

What does SDMA stand for?

Answer 46

Symmetrical Dimethylarginine

Question 47

What does SDMA detect in relation to kidney function?

Answer 47

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 48

What is the benifit of SDMA?

Answer 48

Can detect nephron loss earlier (@25% loss) not reliant on muscle mass

Question 49

When are biopsies used in kidney assessment? [what condition]

Answer 49

Used in protein losing nephropathies

Question 50

True or False: Urine volume is typically increased in upper urinary tract disorders.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Which part of the kidney is sampled in a biopsy: the cortex or medulla?

Answer 51

cortex only