UROLOGY 4 & 5

Question 1

Is lower urinary tract disease more local or systemic?

Answer 1

local

Question 2

What is pollakuria?

Answer 2

Frequent urination in small amounts [different from polyuria]

Question 3

What are the common presentations of animals with LUTD?

Answer 3

• Pollakiuria
• Stranguria
• Dysuria
• Periuria
• Haematuria
• Urinary retention
• Incontinence

Question 4

What key diagnostic steps are essential for LUTD?

Answer 4

• History
• Physical Exam [palpate bladder, chekc urethral patency, rectal exam]
• Urinalysis [dipstick, sediment, culture]
• Imaging
• Neurological Exam [anal tone, reflexes, bladder function]

Question 5

What are the causes of dysuria?

Answer 5

• Inflammation
• Obstruction (intra- or extraluminal)
  *neuro
• Neurological

Question 6

What is cystitis?

Answer 6

Inflammation of the bladder, , often due to ascending infection

Question 7

What are 3 common pathogens associated with bacterial cystitis?

Answer 7

*faecal pathogens
*E.Coli
*enterococcus

Question 8

What are the predisposing factors for bacterial cystitis?

Answer 8

• Dilute urine
• Incontinence
• Urine retention
• Catheter use
• Immunocompromise
• Damaged urothelium

Question 9

What is the treatment for bacterial cystitis?

Answer 9

Empirical antibiotics based on gram +/-
ideally narrow spectrum based on sensitivity results.

Question 10

What characterizes Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC)?

Answer 10

Sterile inflammation, a diagnosis of exclusion.

Question 11

What are the predisposing factors for FIC?

Answer 11

• Young cats
• Males
• Neutered
• Multi-cat households
• Nervous/anxious personality
• Obesity
• Indoor environment
• Dry food
• Black & white colouration

Question 12

What is the treatment approach for FIC?

Answer 12

Multimodal, including analgesia, antispasmodics, increased water intake, environmental modifications, and stress reduction.

Question 13

What are the emergency considerations for Feline Urethral Obstruction?

Answer 13

Requires immediate attention due to the risk of post-renal azotemia and hyperkalemia.

Question 14

What is the cause of feline urethral obstructions?

Answer 14

block/stone -> inability to urinate ->bladder distension ->muscle spasms

Question 15

What are the clinical signs of Feline Urethral Obstruction?

Answer 15

• Straining to urinate
• Obtunded or bradycardic if hyperkalemic
• Enlarged, turgid bladder eliciting pain on palpation

Question 16

What is the treatment for Feline Urethral Obstruction?

Answer 16

• Stabilize with IV fluids
• Analgesia
• Urinary catheter placement
• Decompressive cystocentesis if needed
  *antispasm medication once spabalised
  [retrograde hydropulsion if urolith?]

Question 17

What is polypoid cystitis?

Answer 17

A focal, raised form of cystitis resulting from chronic inflammation.

Question 18

Where is polypoid cystitis usually located?

Answer 18

cranial bladder wall

Question 19

How is polypoid cystitis diagnosed?

Answer 19

catheter in bladder, suction chunk of polyp, cytology

Question 20

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 20

Involuntary urination

Question 21

What are some neurological factors to be assessed in cases of urinary incontinence?

Answer 21

anal tone, perineal reflex, bulbocavernosus reflex, bladder expression

Question 22

What are the types of urinary incontinence?

Answer 22

• Upper Motor Neuron
• Lower Motor Neuron
• Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence (USMI)

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

describe upper motor neuron urinary incontinence: large/small bladder soft/tense bladder easy/difficult to express

Answer 25

large tense difficult to express

Question 26

describe lower motor neuron urinary incontinence: large/small bladder soft/tense bladder easy/difficult to express

Answer 26

large soft easy to express

Question 27

What defines urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence?

Answer 27

Adrenaline acts on estrogen receptors, happens when they are sleeping.

Question 28

What is an ectopic ureter?

Answer 28

Congenital anomaly where ureters open caudally rather than opening in the bladder.

Question 29

What are two types of ectopic ureter?

Answer 29

intramural or extramural

Question 30

What is general diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureter?

Answer 30

diagnosis: contrast study treatment: if intramural: laser ablation if extramural: surgical tx

Question 31

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is driven by which hormone?

Answer 31

androgen

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 32

* Dysuria * Haematuria * Penile discharge * Tenesmus * Enlarged symmetrical non-painful prostate

Question 33

What is the treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 33

* Surgical castration * Osaterone acetate * Delmadinone acetate * Deslorelin * Finasteride

Question 34

What is a frequent cause of prostatitis?

Answer 34

ascending bacterial infection

Question 35

What are clinical signs of prostatis?

Answer 35

pain, stilted gait, systemically unwell, cystitis, penile discharge/haemorrhage

Question 36

What is the treatment of prostatitis?

Answer 36

antibiotics (ensure crosses blood-prostate barrier if chronic) castration

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What are 4 "other prostatic diseases"?

Answer 38

squamous metaplasia prostatic carcinoma prostatic abscess prostatic/paraprostatic cysts

Question 39

What is urolithiasis?

Answer 39

stones in lower urinary tract

Question 40

What are the 4 parts of urolith formation?

Answer 40

nidus [bacteria, epithelial cells, foreign material] nucleus stone outer surface crystals

Question 41

What are treatment options for uroliths?

Answer 41

shock wave therapy endoscopic nephrolithotomy stent placement surgical intervention

Question 42

What are the simmilarities and differences in the effects of ureteroliths and urethroliths?

Answer 42

ureteroliths: big/little kidney syndrome urethroliths: uroabdomen both: post-renal azotaemia, incontinence, pain

Question 43

What is the treatment strategy for urolithiasis?

Answer 43

* Medical management (dietary changes, medications) * Surgical intervention (removal or bypass procedures)

Question 44

What are nephroliths?

Answer 44

Kidney stones, often incidental findings, that can cause hematuria, renal pain, or obstruction.

Question 45

What are the management options for urethroliths?

Answer 45

* Catheter placement * Retrograde hydropulsion * Urethrotomy * Urethrostomy * Laser lithotripsy

Question 46

What defines cystoliths?

Answer 46

Bladder stones

Question 47

What are the types of uroliths?

Answer 47

* Struvite * Calcium oxalate * Urate * Cystine * Xanthine * Silicate

Question 48

What is the composition of struvite stones?

Answer 48

MGg (magnesium), NH3 (ammonium), PO4 (phosphate)

Question 49

What is a predisposing factor of struvite stones?

Answer 49

UTI.

Question 50

Which types of stones cannot dissolve medically?

Answer 50

calcium oxalate

Question 51

Which type of stones cannot be seen in radiographs?

Answer 51

cystine xanthine urate

Question 52

What medication can prevent the formation of urate stones?

Answer 52

allopurinol treatment

Question 53

What breed is predisposed to xanthine stones?

Answer 53

cavaliers

Question 54

What is the shape of cystine stones?

Answer 54

Hexagonal shape; cannot be seen in radiographs.

Question 55

What is a common treatment for urate stones?

Answer 55

Treat infection if present and provide a low protein diet.

Question 56

True or False: Urolithiasis often recurs.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

When giving allopurinol to prevent uric acid buildup, what needs to be supplemented?

Answer 57

low purine diet in order to prevent buildup of xanthine