UROLOGY: problem oriented medicine

Question 1

If there is some color in urine, what are 3 possible things it could be?

Answer 1

blood, myoglobin, haemoglobin

Question 2

How to differentiate between blood
and
myoglobin/haemoglobin?

Answer 2

spin urine: blood will settle, other two will remain dispersed

Question 3

how can you differentiate between myoglobin and haemoglobin?
why does this work?

Answer 3

check serum color:
[blood sample,,spin,,check plasma color]
[myoglobin serum remains clear]
[haemoglobinurea is only due to there being too much haemoglobin in the blood]

Question 4

what type fo stone is this? note the discoloration

Answer 4

urate. can be associated with PSS

Question 5

why is urinary blockage a medical emergency?

Answer 5

hyperkalaemia

Question 6

which is a sign of hyperkalaemia: tachycardia or bradycardia?

Answer 6

bradycardia

Question 7

due to uurine dipsticks being designed for human use, which 4 values are less useful for us?

Answer 7

-specific gravity
-nitrites
-leukocytes
-urobilinogen

Question 8

are urine dipsticks more sensitive to albumin or globulin?

Answer 8

albumin

Question 9

between dogs and cats: which one is it normal to find some billirubin in the blood?

Answer 9

dogs

Question 10

what are the 3 ketones we are interested in during urinalysis?
which 2 can be detected by dipsticks?

Answer 10

acetone (d)
acetoacetate (d)
B-hydroxy-butyrate

Question 11

squamus cells are quite large. where are they usually found

Answer 11

lining of vagina prepuce etc