Inflammation III

Question 1

What are the four steps of leukocyte (neutrophil) extravation in tissue injury/ inflammation?

Answer 1

1. Rolling; 2. Tight binding; 3. Diapedesis (leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits the blood vessel); 4. Migration (leukocyte travels through the interstitum to the site of injury or infection as guided by chemotactic signals) (p.215)

Question 2

What are the vasculature/ stroma signals associated with step 1 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 2

E-selectin, P-selectin (p.215)

Question 3

What are the vasculature/ stroma signals associated with step 2 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 3

ICAM-1 (p.215)

Question 4

What are the vasculature/ stroma signals associated with step 3 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 4

PECAM-1 (p.215)

Question 5

What are the vasculature/ stroma signals associated with step 4 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 5

Bacterial products- C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein (CILK) (p.215)

Question 6

What are the leukocyte signals associated with step 1 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 6

Sialyl-Lewis X (p.215)

Question 7

What are the leukocyte signals associated with step 2 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 7

LFA-1 (integrin) (p.215)

Question 8

What are the leukocyte signals associated with step 3 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 8

PECAM-1 (p.215)

Question 9

What are the leukocyte signals associated with step 4 of leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 9

Various (p.215)

Question 10

In what three ways to free radicals damage cells?

Answer 10

Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage (p.215)

Question 11

Name 6 ways that free radical injury can be initiated.

Answer 11

1. radiation exposure; 2. drug metabolism (phase I); 3. redox reactions; 4. nitric oxide; 5. transition metals; 6. leukocyte oxidative burst (p.215)

Question 12

What enzymes can eliminate free radicals?

Answer 12

Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (p.215)

Question 13

Which antioxidants eliminate free radicals?

Answer 13

Vitamins A, C, E (p.215)

Question 14

Name three ways that free radicals can be eliminated.

Answer 14

Enzymes, antioxidants, and spontaneous decay (p.215)

Question 15

Name six conditions associated with free radical injury.

Answer 15

1. retinopathy of prematurity; 2. bronchopulmonary dysplasia; 3. CCl4 leading to liver necrosis (fatty change); 4. acetaminophen overdose (fulminant hepatitis); 5. iron overload (hemochromatosis); 6. reperfusion after anoxia (superoxide) especially after thrombolytic therapy (p.215)

Question 16

What are the mediators of wound healing in the inflammatory (immediate) phase?

Answer 16

Platelets, neutrophils, macrophages (p.216)

Question 17

What are the mediators of wound healing in the proliferative (2-3 days after wound) phase?

Answer 17

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages (p.216)

Question 18

What are the mediators of wound healing in the remodeling (1 week after wound) phase?

Answer 18

Fibroblasts (p.216)

Question 19

What are the characteristics of wound healing in the inflammatory (immediate) phase?

Answer 19

Clot formation, increased vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue. Macrophages clear debris 2 days later (p.216)

Question 20

What are the characteristics of wound healing in the proliferative (2-3 days after wound) phase?

Answer 20

Deposition of granular tissue and collagen, angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, dissolution of clot, and wound contraction (mediated by myofibroblasts) (p.216)

Question 21

What are the characteristics of wound healing in the remodeling (1 week after wound) phase?

Answer 21

Type III collagen replaced by type I collagen to increase tensile strength of tissue (p.216)

Question 22

What kind of disease is mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 22

Granulomatous disease (p.216)