Neoplasia I Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the seven hallmarks of cancer?
1.) evasion of apoptosis; 2.) self-sufficiency in growth signals; 3.) insensitivity to anti-growth signals; 4.) sustained angiogenesis; 5.) limitless replicative potential; 6.) tissue invasion; 7.) metastasis (p.218)
What are the five steps of cancer progression?
Normal tissue –> hyperplasia –> carcinoma in situ (preinvasive) –> invasive carcinoma –> metastaic focus (p.218)
Describe normal differentiation of cells.
Contain an epithelial cell layer and a basement membrane. Normal cells have basal –> apical differentiation (p.218)
What is hyperplasia?
Cells have increased number (p.218, 219)
What is dysplasia?
An abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; Commonly preneoplastic (p.218, 219)
What are the features of a carcinoma in situ?
Neoplastic cells have not invaded the basement membrane; there is a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin; neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness (p.218)
What are the features of an invasive carcinoma?
Cells have invaded the basement membrane and there is potential to metastasize if they reach a blood or lymphatic vessel (p.218)
How do cancer cells invade the basement membrane in an invasive carcinoma?
Using collagenases and hydrolases (metalloproteinases) (p.218)
What distinguishes metastatic cancer from non-metastatic cancer?
Spread to distant organs with cells that have survived an immune attack (p.218)
What is the ‘seed and soil’ theory of metastasis?
Seed- tumor embolus; soil- target organ (liver, lungs, brain, bone, etc.) (p.218)
How do cancer cells spread during metastasis?
Though the blood or lymphatic vessels (p.218)
What is metaplasia?
One adult cell type is replaced by another. This is often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure (p.219)
Give an example of metaplasia.
Squamous metaplasia in trachea and bronchi of smokers (p.219)
Which ‘plasias’ are reversible?
Hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (p.219)
Which ‘plasias’ are irreversible?
Anaplasia, neoplasia, desmoplasia (p.219)
What is anaplasia?
Abnormal cells lacking differentiation. Cells resemble primitive cells of the same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Cells have little to know resemblance to the tissue of origin (p.219)
What is neoplasia?
A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. Neoplasia may be benign or malignant (p.219)
Is neoplasia benign or malignant?
It can be either benign or malignant (p.219)
What is desmoplasia?
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm (p.219)
What is tumor grade?
The degree of cellular differentiation based on histological appearance of an individual tumor (p.219)
How is tumor grade ‘graded’?
Graded 1-4; 1= low grade, well differentiated to 4= high grade, poorly differentiated, anaplastic (p.219)
How does the prognostic value of tumor grade compare to that of tumor stage?
Stage usually has more prognostic value than grade (p.219)
What is tumor stage?
Describes the spread of tumor in a particular patient. It is determined by the degree of localization/ spread, size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases (stage = spread) (p.219)
What findings is tumor stage based upon?
Clinical (c) and pathologic (p) findings (ex. cT3N1M0) (p.219)
