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Biology > Innate and adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate and adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the immune system:

A

to fight and protect against foreign/invading pathogens.

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2
Q

In the process of immunity our body produces (2):

A

antibodies
memory cells

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3
Q

can pathogens be avoided?

A

No - air, water, food, etc.

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4
Q

Immunity is…

A

the body’s capacity to resist and combat infections.

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5
Q

what are the organs involved in immunity? (6)

A

Tonsils and adenoids
Thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
Peyer’s patches and appendix
Bone marrow

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6
Q

How do the tonsils and adenoids help?

A

filters to remove debris + antigens entering respiratory tract

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7
Q

How does the thymus help?

A

contains cells that mature into T lymphocytes (cell mediated response with specificity)

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8
Q

How do the lymph nodes help? (2)

A

filter to remove debris and antigens

fosters contact with t lymphocytes

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9
Q

How does the spleen help? (2)

A

to filter debris and antigens

fosters contact with t lymphocytes

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10
Q

how the peyer’s patch and appendix help?

A

filter for debris and antigen in the GI tract

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11
Q

How does bone marrow help?

A

has stem cells for B lymphocytes (production of antibodies)

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12
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

How many lines of defence do they produce?

A

Innate - 1+2

Adaptive - 3

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13
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

involves anatomical, mechanical and physiological barriers as well as cellular and inflammatory mammals.

These are activated in the presence of an antigen

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14
Q

What are the first line defences in innate immunity? (6)

A

Skin - thick and has sebaceous glands that produce seem to kill bacteria

Tears - lysosomes + antibacterial products

saliva

Cilia and mucus line the nasopharynx and trachea

ear wax - inhibits bacteria growth

stomach PH and natural flora in gut

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15
Q

What are the second line defences in innate immunity? (7)

A

granulocytes - (basophils+neutrophils+phagocytes)

mast cells

macrophages

dendritic cells

inflammation

natural killer cells

complements (plasma protein system)

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16
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

specialised immunity that is delved after being exposed to a foreign antigen though and infection or vaccination.

17
Q

What are the third line of defences in adaptive immunity? (4)

A

Antibodies
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Memory cells

18
Q

Characteristics of innate vs. adaptive immunity

A

I:
immediate
non-specific
no memory
lower potency

A:
takes a few days//longer (3-7)
specific
memory cells
high potency

19
Q

Features of adaptive immunity: (4)

A

Recognition of self vs. non-self - major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are protein markers on body cell surfaces recognised by
T cells

Specificity - B+T cells have receptors for only 1 type of antigen (complementary)

Diversity - B+T cells have receptors for 2million+ antigens

Memory - quicker response at second time exposure

20
Q

I - what are neutrophils?

A

type of phagocytes that engulf microbes

21
Q

I - what are eosinophils?

A

target parasites such as worms that are too large too be engulfed

22
Q

I - what are basophils?

A

cells with granules to induce inflammation

23
Q

I - what are mast cells?

A

granule rich cells found in skin and mucosa

24
Q

I - what are macrophages?

A

large phagocytes

25
Q

I - what are dendritic cells?

A

alert the adaptive immune system of the presence of antigens/microbes

26
Q

I - what are natural killer cells?

A

cells that contain viral infections, alerted by interferons and cytokines so die.

27
Q

A - what are antibodies?

A

plasma cells/ B cells activated by T helper cells

28
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies and their uses?

A

IgM - 1st antibodies secreted during immune response

IgA - most found in secretions - tears, saliva

IgD - part of B cell receptors, aid the activation of B cells

IgE - on surface of mast cells, eosinophils and basophils - induce degranulation of these cells when bound to an antigen

IgG - activate complement proteins, neutralise toxins and indicate previous infection

29
Q

A - what are B lymphocytes

A

recognise specific antigens presenting cells

activate T cells

differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies in humour response

30
Q

A - what are T lymphocytes?

A

recognise specific antigens

T helper cells

cytotoxic cells

T - regulatory cells

Memory cells

31
Q

A - what are memory cells?

A

T memory cells - rapidly converted to effector T cells upon re-exposure

B memory cells - remember antigen for faster antibody production

32
Q

Cell mediated response?

A

doesn’t involve antibodies

33
Q

autoimmunity?

A

the immune system reacts against own body - leads to disease or functional changes

34
Q

immunodeficiency?

A

can’t produce adequate immune response

35
Q

Humoural response?

A

antibodies by B lymphocytes

Biology (17 decks)

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