Innate and adaptive Immunity

Question 1

The primary function of the immune system:

Answer 1

to fight and protect against foreign/invading pathogens.

Question 2

In the process of immunity our body produces (2):

Answer 2

antibodies
memory cells

Question 3

can pathogens be avoided?

Answer 3

No - air, water, food, etc.

Question 4

Immunity is…

Answer 4

the body’s capacity to resist and combat infections.

Question 5

what are the organs involved in immunity? (6)

Answer 5

Tonsils and adenoids
Thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
Peyer’s patches and appendix
Bone marrow

Question 6

How do the tonsils and adenoids help?

Answer 6

filters to remove debris + antigens entering respiratory tract

Question 7

How does the thymus help?

Answer 7

contains cells that mature into T lymphocytes (cell mediated response with specificity)

Question 8

How do the lymph nodes help? (2)

Answer 8

filter to remove debris and antigens

fosters contact with t lymphocytes

Question 9

How does the spleen help? (2)

Answer 9

to filter debris and antigens

fosters contact with t lymphocytes

Question 10

how the peyer’s patch and appendix help?

Answer 10

filter for debris and antigen in the GI tract

Question 11

How does bone marrow help?

Answer 11

has stem cells for B lymphocytes (production of antibodies)

Question 12

What are the two types of immunity?

How many lines of defence do they produce?

Answer 12

Innate - 1+2

Adaptive - 3

Question 13

What is innate immunity?

Answer 13

involves anatomical, mechanical and physiological barriers as well as cellular and inflammatory mammals.

These are activated in the presence of an antigen

Question 14

What are the first line defences in innate immunity? (6)

Answer 14

Skin - thick and has sebaceous glands that produce seem to kill bacteria

Tears - lysosomes + antibacterial products

saliva

Cilia and mucus line the nasopharynx and trachea

ear wax - inhibits bacteria growth

stomach PH and natural flora in gut

Question 15

What are the second line defences in innate immunity? (7)

Answer 15

granulocytes - (basophils+neutrophils+phagocytes)

mast cells

macrophages

dendritic cells

inflammation

natural killer cells

complements (plasma protein system)

Question 16

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 16

specialised immunity that is delved after being exposed to a foreign antigen though and infection or vaccination.

Question 17

What are the third line of defences in adaptive immunity? (4)

Answer 17

Antibodies
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Memory cells

Question 18

Characteristics of innate vs. adaptive immunity

Answer 18

I:
immediate
non-specific
no memory
lower potency

A:
takes a few days//longer (3-7)
specific
memory cells
high potency

Question 19

Features of adaptive immunity: (4)

Answer 19

Recognition of self vs. non-self - major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are protein markers on body cell surfaces recognised by
T cells

Specificity - B+T cells have receptors for only 1 type of antigen (complementary)

Diversity - B+T cells have receptors for 2million+ antigens

Memory - quicker response at second time exposure

Question 20

I - what are neutrophils?

Answer 20

type of phagocytes that engulf microbes

Question 21

I - what are eosinophils?

Answer 21

target parasites such as worms that are too large too be engulfed

Question 22

I - what are basophils?

Answer 22

cells with granules to induce inflammation

Question 23

I - what are mast cells?

Answer 23

granule rich cells found in skin and mucosa

Question 24

I - what are macrophages?

Answer 24

large phagocytes

Question 25

I - what are dendritic cells?

Answer 25

alert the adaptive immune system of the presence of antigens/microbes

Question 26

I - what are natural killer cells?

Answer 26

cells that contain viral infections, alerted by interferons and cytokines so die.

Question 27

A - what are antibodies?

Answer 27

plasma cells/ B cells activated by T helper cells

Question 28

What are the 5 classes of antibodies and their uses?

Answer 28

IgM - 1st antibodies secreted during immune response IgA - most found in secretions - tears, saliva IgD - part of B cell receptors, aid the activation of B cells IgE - on surface of mast cells, eosinophils and basophils - induce degranulation of these cells when bound to an antigen IgG - activate complement proteins, neutralise toxins and indicate previous infection

Question 29

A - what are B lymphocytes

Answer 29

recognise specific antigens presenting cells activate T cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies in humour response

Question 30

A - what are T lymphocytes?

Answer 30

recognise specific antigens T helper cells cytotoxic cells T - regulatory cells Memory cells

Question 31

A - what are memory cells?

Answer 31

T memory cells - rapidly converted to effector T cells upon re-exposure B memory cells - remember antigen for faster antibody production

Question 32

Cell mediated response?

Answer 32

doesn't involve antibodies

Question 33

autoimmunity?

Answer 33

the immune system reacts against own body - leads to disease or functional changes

Question 34

immunodeficiency?

Answer 34

can't produce adequate immune response

Question 35

Humoural response?

Answer 35

antibodies by B lymphocytes