Macromolecules: Nucleic acids and carbohydrates

Question 1

Nucleic acids are

Answer 1

large information carrying biomolecules that enable protein synthesis and determine inherited characteristics. Eg) DNA + RNA

Question 2

Nucleotides are

Answer 2

building blocks of DNA and RNA

Question 3

Nucleotides are made up of

Answer 3

nitrogenous base

pentose sugar

phosphate group

Question 4

4 bases of DNA

Base in RNA

Answer 4

G

C

A

T

T replaced by U in RNA

Question 5

Purine bases

Answer 5

A+G

Question 6

Pyrimidines

Answer 6

C+G+U

Question 7

DNA founded by —— in the year ——

Answer 7

James Watson and Francis Crick

1953

Question 8

DNA characteristics (7)

Answer 8

Double stranded - helix formed by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides bases = each strand can act as a template

Complementary bases - double stranded means each strand can allow accurate replication, protein synthesis

large + helical - densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus

Polarity - due to phosphodiester bond which offers directionality of the molecule

Phosphate backbone - protection

Hydrogen bonds - strength and easily broken for replication

Antiparell - The 2 strands have the same chemical elements but in opposite directions (5’ to 3’)

Question 9

DNA basics (4)

Answer 9

DNA = genetic material so inherited features from our parents

self replicating

Double helix - 10 bases per turn

bases in the middle with negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

single stranded ( can be helical in some regions due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding = hairpin and stem loop)

Question 11

Types of RNA

Answer 11

mRNA - protein synthesis, carries triplet codons used to code protein

tRNA - adapter molecule carries complementary codon

Question 12

DNA vs. RNA (10)

Answer 12

DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

T vs U

Double stranded vs single stranded

DNA localised in the nucleus vs the cytoplasm

Transcriptions vs. translation

DNA can self replicate

copier enzyme = DNA/RNA polymerase

Hydrogen bonding vs. no hydrogen bonding

DNA is stable = long life

Types of DNA - nuclear and mitochondrial vs. types of RNA - mRNA, miRNA, tRNA and siRNA

Question 13

DNA is in theorem of chromosome sin the nucleus. It contains…

Answer 13

The entire genetic code

Question 14

The form of DNA

Answer 14

DNA + histones = nucleosomes

Many nucleosomes = solenoids (1/4 chromosome)

chromatids = 1/2 of the 2 identical chromosomes

Chromosomes - joined via a centromere

Question 15

Number of chromosomes

Answer 15

23 pairs/ 46 total

22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 16

Carbohydrates basics (4):

Answer 16

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

source of energy

simple (monosaccharides)
complex (polysaccharides)

smallest unit of carbohydrate broke down in the human body is glucose.

Question 17

sucrose is a disaccharide made up of the monosaccharides…

Answer 17

glucose and fructose

Question 18

lactose is a disaccharide made up of the monosaccharides…

Answer 18

glucose and galactose

Question 19

maltose is a disaccharide made up of the monosaccharides…

Answer 19

glucose + glucose

Question 20

Polysaccharides Glycogen is made up of

Answer 20

alpha glucose linked with glycosidic bonds between carbon

long polymer

1,4 and 1,6 bonds

Question 21

Glycogen use

Answer 21

the main energy storage molecule in animals

Question 22

How is glycogen suited to it’s function

Answer 22

It has many small side chain - can be quickly hydrolysed

large (but compact) molecule - can store a lot of energy

Insoluble - has no osmotic effect and cannot diffuse out of cells

Question 23

The polysaccharides Starch is made by

Answer 23

condensation of alpha glucose

it’s a long polymer

mixture of two polysaccharides - amylose (1,4) and amylopectin (1,4 and 1,6)

Question 24

Starch use

Answer 24

main energy storage in plants

Question 25

How is starch suited to it's function

Answer 25

branched (amylopectin) and unbranched (amylose) - branches can be used to be quickly hydrolysed insoluble - doesn't have effect cell water potential large - compact so a lot of it can be stored easily

Question 26

Starch test?

Answer 26

Test with iodine - turns blue/black

Question 27

Purine/ pyrimidine

Answer 27

a nitrogen containing base sound in DNA and RNA for example...

Question 28

Nucleus

Answer 28

Membrane bound organelle which contains the genetic material of eukaryotes cytoplasm

Question 29

mitochondrial DNA

Answer 29

found in the ... which is the site of aerobic respiration, provides ATP

Question 30

Chromosomes

Answer 30

genetic material made up of histones and nucleic acids found in the ...

Question 31

Genes

Answer 31

sequence of nucleotides that make up the genetic material of an organism. Can be used to express phenotype and code for proteins

Question 32

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 32

in DNA and RNA between bases (o+h, n+h)

Question 33

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 33

Bond between the pentose sugar and the phosphate group in DNA and RNA. Form the sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 34

Histone proteins

Answer 34

associated with DNA, helps packing of the chromosomes, making it compact

Question 35

Transcription

Answer 35

first step of gene expression/protein synthesis where complementary mRNA is formed using a DNA template. Consists of ignition, elongation and termination

Question 36

Translation

Answer 36

Protein synthesis takes place using triplet codons from mRNA on ribosomes.

Question 36

DNA/RNA polymerase

Answer 36

primary enzyme involved in DNA replication or transcription

Question 37

Mutation

Answer 37

A change in the sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule that may result in an altered polypeptide. Mutations occur continuously and spontaneously, (maybe due to chemicals, irradiation, lack of repair of replication mistakes).