Innate Immunity, Phagocytes, Adaptive Immunity - B Cells

Question 1

What are cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

1. Swelling
2. Redness
3. Heat
4. Pain

Question 2

Where do phagocytes originate from?

Answer 2

bone marrow in stem cells

Question 3

What are phagocytes for mainly?

Answer 3

Differentiation

Question 4

Under the influence of cytokines phagocytes can become…..

Answer 4

1. Phoymorphonuclear
2. Leukocytes
3. Monocytes

Question 5

What are the major types of macrophages?

Answer 5

1. Neutrophils
2. Monocytes/Macrophages

Question 6

What is the most common phagocyte?

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

What is the life cycle of the neutrophils?

Answer 7

1. Leave bone marrow and circulate bloodstream
2. Die after a few days

Question 8

What is the first phagocyte to encounter and infection?

Answer 8

Neutrophil

Question 9

What happens with neutrophils during the presence of an illness.

Answer 9

Rise to large numbers

Question 10

What are characteristics of monocytes?

Answer 10

1. Unsegmented nucleus
2. Much longer lived
3. Circulate in bloodstream for a period
4. Settle in tissue and mature into macrophages

Question 11

What are macrophages?

Answer 11

Mature monocytes that are attached to lymph tissues

Question 12

How do macrophages differ from monocytes?

Answer 12

Macrophages are 10x the size of monocytes

Question 13

What are the functions of macrophages?

Answer 13

1. Remove dead cells when they reach the end of life
2. Remove pathogens
3. Create immune proteins and peptides

Question 14

What are important immune proteins created from macrophages?

Answer 14

1. Transferrin
2. Complement carriers
3. Certain Cytokines

Question 15

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 15

Detection of pathogens and chemotaxis (move) toward them

Question 16

What are the steps in phagocytosis?

Answer 16

1. N-formyl methionine at proteins amino terminal end
2. Release C3a and C5a by compliment activation
3. Mediators of inflammation
4. Traps pathogen against wall
5. Triggers ingestion

Question 17

How many receptors help with phagocyte attachement?

Answer 17

40

Question 18

What is opsonization?

Answer 18

When receptors recognize molecules that enhance the binding of phagocytes

Question 19

Opsonins do what….

Answer 19

Speed phagocytosis

Question 20

What are molecular handles provided by opsonins?

Answer 20

1. IgG antibodies
2. C3b

Question 21

What is needed for phagocytosis ingestion?

Answer 21

ATP and phagosome

Question 22

What happens during phagocytosis ingestion?

Answer 22

1. Phagocyte shifts to fermentative metabolism
2. Phagolysosome formation traps bacteria
3. Discharge of toxic substances

Question 23

What are the two different mechanisms w/i the phagolysosome?

Answer 23

1. Oxygen Independent
2. Oxygen Dependent

Question 24

What is the oxygen dependent mechanism in intracellular killing?

Answer 24

Oxygen making acid through pathway

Question 25

What is the oxygen independent mechanism in intracellular killing?

Answer 25

Molecular structures that kill the cell without oxygen

Question 26

What happens when a neutrophil when that accumulate phagolysosomes?

Answer 26

They Die

Question 27

What happens when macrophages and monocytes accumulate phagolysosomes?

Answer 27

1. Expel unwanted material (egestion) 2. Some save material to make antigens to present to the rest of the immune system.

Question 28

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 28

Nonphagocytic granular lymphocytes present in the body at low populations

Question 29

What do natural killer cells have on the surface?

Answer 29

Immunoglobulin and MHC I

Question 30

What receptors do natural killer cells have on their surface?

Answer 30

Fc Receptors capable of binding IgG

Question 31

What do Dendritic Cells do?

Answer 31

Produce cytokines that recruit leukocytes all over the body! Part of innate response but also initial adaptive response

Question 32

When does adaptive immunity kick in?

Answer 32

When innate systems fail >96 hrs

Question 33

Adaptive immune system begins as very ______ but become very ______.

Answer 33

1. Weak 2. Strong

Question 34

Why does adaptive immunity take longer?

Answer 34

Has to learn to recognize pathogen Bits and pieces presented to immune system!

Question 35

What are the players in adaptive immunity?

Answer 35

1. Lymphocytes 2. Antigen Presenting Cells

Question 36

What are 2 lymphocytes?

Answer 36

T- Cells B - Cells

Question 37

T-Cells mature in the ______ B-Cells mature in the __________.

Answer 37

1. Thymus 2. Bone Marrow

Question 38

What are 3 types of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 38

1. Macrophages 2. Dendritic Cells 3. B Cells

Question 39

Once the adaptive immune system starts what happens with the innate immune system?

Answer 39

Innate immune system is still active

Question 40

Where does the adaptive immune response occur?

Answer 40

Lymph nodes and Spleen

Question 41

What role do lymph nodes play in adaptive immunity?

Answer 41

Capture antigens from epithelium and connective tissue

Question 42

What role does the spleen play in adaptive immunity?

Answer 42

Captures antigens from the blood

Question 43

What role does the APC play in adaptive immunity?

Answer 43

APC present cells to B and T cells B cells recognize antigen directly T cells cannot capture antigens on their own

Question 44

_____Cells play a critical role in adaptive immunity.

Answer 44

Phagocytic

Question 45

Where do dendritic cells arise?

Answer 45

Bone marrow

Question 46

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 46

Migrate to tissues throughout the body for differentiation

Question 47

What is the main characterisitic of dendritic cells?

Answer 47

long tendrils

Question 48

Where are dendritic cells present?

Answer 48

Solid organs of the body except brain eyes and testes

Question 49

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

Answer 49

1. Detect pathogens activate AIS 2. Thymus located help educate T cells 3. Help maintain stimulation of B cells during infections

Question 50

What is the most important antigen presenting cell?

Answer 50

Dendritic Cells

Question 51

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 51

major type of WBC for Adaptive immunity

Question 52

What is the most important properties of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?

Answer 52

1. Specificity 2. Tolerance 3. Memory

Question 53

What is the role of B cells?

Answer 53

Make antibodies that react with antigens

Question 54

How many antibody molecules do you have?

Answer 54

100,000

Question 55

Membrane bound antibodies are ______ for antigen

Answer 55

Receptors

Question 56

Each B cell is ______

Answer 56

Unique