Microbiomes

Question 1

If you are challenged with a microbe what is the order in which these things will happen
- Stomach Acid Destroys MO
- Phagocytosis
- Neutrophils and Macrophages
- Presentation of Antigens to T and B Cells
- Formation of Plasma Cells
- Saliva kills MO
- Compliment Activation
- Toxin Precipitation
- Enhanced phagocytosis
- Antibody protection

Answer 1

A. Saliva kills MO
B. Stomach Acid Destroys MO
C. Compliment Activation
D. Neutrophils and Macrophages Attracted to the Area
E. Phagocytosis
F. Presentation of Antigens to T and B Cells
G. Formation of Plasma Cells
H. Antibody protection
I. Enhanced phagocytosis
J. Toxin Precipitation

Question 2

What is symbiosis?

Answer 2

Intimate associate between two different types of organisms (Positive or negative)

Question 3

What is mutualism?

Answer 3

Both benefit

Question 4

What is commensalism?

Answer 4

One organism benefits and the other isn’t benefitted or harmed

Question 5

What is ammensalism?

Answer 5

One organism benefits and one is harmed

Question 6

Microbial partnerships are ______ in nature?

Answer 6

Ubiquitous

Question 7

What is the normal microbiota?

Answer 7

Normal microrganisms that are on something

Question 8

What makes up normal microbiota?

Answer 8

1. Mucosal Surface
2. Body Cavity
3. Specific Orans

Question 9

Some symbionts are _____.

Answer 9

Intracellular

Question 10

What are metaorganisms?

Answer 10

When multiple organisms that make up one thing
REALLY COMMON

Question 11

What is holobiont?

Answer 11

Host + Microbiota

Question 12

What is a homogenome?

Answer 12

Host genome + microbiota genome

Question 13

What are some ways we can study symbiotic microbes?

Answer 13

1. Manipulate host animals
2. Animal model systems

Question 14

How to symbionts associate with the host?

Answer 14

They need to infect it first

Question 15

How do symbionts infect the host?

Answer 15

1. Reservoir
2. Transmission
3. Infectious dose through portal of entry

NO DAMAGE OR TOXIN PRODUCTION

Question 16

How do microbes detect the host?

Answer 16

1. Chemicals - Flavonoids
2. Physical Parameters - Temperature pH
3. Lack of nutrients - Iron limitations
4. Osmolarity - concentration of solutes outside

Question 17

Attatchement is ______

Answer 17

Specific

Question 18

What are attatchement factors?

Answer 18

1. Capsule
2. Rhicadhesin
3. Flagella bind to wheat roots
4. Pilli

Question 19

What is an example of a capsule attatchment?

Answer 19

Clover

Question 20

What is an example of rhicadhesin protein attachment?

Answer 20

Peas, sweet peas, lentils

Question 21

What is an example of flagella binding to wheat roots attachment?

Answer 21

wheat

Question 22

What is an example of pilli attachment?

Answer 22

humans

Question 23

What is the big difference between mutualists and pathogens?

Answer 23

Mutualist play nice

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE? Mutualist can defend themselves against immune system?

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

Microbes ___ carbon dioxide.

Answer 25

fix

Question 26

In animal tissue what provides the majority of carbon?

Answer 26

Microbes

Question 27

Most insects have what relationship with microbes?

Answer 27

symbiont

Question 28

What insects have a symbiont relationship with microbes? What is the symbiont

Answer 28

Aphids and Buchnera Aphidocola

Question 29

Aphids and Buchnera Aphidocola is known as a __________.

Answer 29

Obligate symbiont

Question 30

What does the buchnera aphidocola provide for the aphids?

Answer 30

1. Amino Acids and Vitamins

Question 31

What is the symbiont relationship with mycorrhizal fungi and plants?

Answer 31

Fungi help absorb phosphate and water for the plant and the plant gives the fungi fixed carbon

Question 32

What do rhizobia associate with?

Answer 32

Nodule plants (peas, alfalfa)

Question 33

How do Rhizobia and plant find eachother?

Answer 33

1. Signal cascade between plant and microbe 2. Flavonoids secreted by plant 3. Attracts bacteria 4. Bacteria secretes nod factor 5. Root hair curling 6. Bacteria invades plant to make nodules

Question 34

What does the Rhizobia provide the plant, what does the plant provide the Rhizobia?

Answer 34

1. Rhizobia provide fixed nitrogen and ammonium 2. Plant provides sugars and nutrients to bacteria

Question 35

Mycorrhizal fungi are different then nodulating bateria in that they...

Answer 35

Provide water and phosphate to plant

Question 36

What are the list of microbes that colonized humans?

Answer 36

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Viruses 4. Fungi 5. Protists 6. Animals

Question 37

What are the 4 phyla dominates for bacteria?

Answer 37

1.Bacteroidetes 2. Firmicutes 3. Proteobacteria 4. Actinobacteria

Question 38

How is our microbiotia acquired?

Answer 38

1. Birth process

Question 39

What is interesting about the birth process and aquiring your gut microbiome?

Answer 39

1. Vaginal delivery is better then C section 2. Colostrum contains milk glycans that you cant digest that helps build microbiomes

Question 40

Do microbiomes change over time?

Answer 40

Yes as you shift from liquid food to solid and through puberty

Question 41

What are the roles of the microbiota?

Answer 41

1. Nutritional 2. Barrier/Protective Function 3. Immune Function 4. Community Function