Inspection (L3) Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What type of guttering did you specify?
A
- Like for Like replacement for the purposes of PPM
- Black uPVC half round guttering 112mm with 68mm downpipe
2
Q
What are the limitations of the guttering you specified? Are there any alternatives?
A
- UV degradation when exposed to prolonged sunlight, more prone to sun fading over time
- Vulnerability to physical damage
- Joints and seals can wear over time
- Plastic environmental impact
Alternative:
- Aluminium guttering, more durable, less maintenance, impact resistant, resistant to corrosion, aesthetics
3
Q
How did you determine life expectancy?
A
Guidance: BCIS RICS Life Expectancy of Materials and Components
- O&Ms, product specifications
- Historical data
- Industry standards
- Environmental factors
4
Q
What guidance do you follow before inspection?
A
- RICS Professional Standard on Surveying Safely 2018
- RICS Rules of Conduct
5
Q
What risks did you identify at Stantonbury?
A
- Working in a school environment
- Lone working
- Working at height
- Live services
6
Q
Fire engineer reviewed the open plan arrangement, how did you interpret and advise the client?
A
- I advised the client to engage with the fire engineers to undertake a compartmentation survey as there were no plans available showing fire strategy
- Did not get any further instructions from the client to assess the findings, however I would review the compartmentation required by the fire engineers and assess the fire stopping on site to determine whether there are any issues with compartmentation which could compromise fire safety
7
Q
What type of damp meter was used?
A
- Digital protimeter
- With black
8
Q
What type of damp meter was used?
A
- Digital protimeter
- With pinless radio frequency meter which can measure moisture content up to 120mm beneath the surface
- Pin moisture meter restricted to around 15mm
- Meter measures air humidity, temperature, moisture content with with and pinless radio frequency
9
Q
Hall Green - How did you structure the condition report?
A
- Surveyors details, project details, address
- Brief explanation of the purpose of the report
- Limitations of the survey, access etc
- Executive Summary
- Condition of each element with Traffic Light System
- List of defects, condition, potential risks
- Photographs
- Conclusion, final assessment
10
Q
How do you typically approach inspections?
A
- Understand the scope and brief
- Undertake a desktop survey of the site and property to understand risks and undertake a risk assessment
- Ensure the correct equipment and PPE is prepared
- Review property documents, I.e O&Ms and drawings etc
- Ensure clear communications and schedule appointment
- Assess risks when arrived to site
- Start inspection from top to bottom, external to internal
11
Q
What equipment do you usually take?
A
- Correct level of PPE, hard hat, high vis, boots, gloves
- Equipment to undertake survey, tape measure, disto meter, damp meter, drone, iPad, ladders, torch
12
Q
Give me some examples of destructive testing?
A
- Core drills, core sampling
- Trial pit and borehole foundation investigations
- Borescope inspections
- Removing windows / doors / materials
- Timber sampling
- Wall or ceiling sectional removals
13
Q
What is a PPM? What did you include on your report?
A
- Planned preventative maintenance reports
- Introduction and purpose
- Scope of materials and inspections
- Rating and recommendations
- Risk assessments and mitigation
- Cost estimates and budget
- Recommendations for improvement or upgrades
14
Q
D1 - Where did this condition rating derive from?
A
- ESFA - CDC Condition Data Collection for schools
15
Q
PPM Surveys - Explain how you undertook them, what elements covered, how you advised on life remaining etc?
A
- Pre survey desk based review and risk assessment
- Surveyed the external grounds, roof, rainwater goods, walls, windows and doors
- Surveyed internal areas, roof space, top floor down, room by room basis
- Identified defects and failures and any possible related risks
- Photographic evidence to be included on report
16
Q
PPM - What was your role in advising the client what to do?
A
- Upon completion of survey, debriefed the client and provided high level summary and advice regarding next steps for rectifications and further surveys or testing
- Advised to engage a fire engineer to assess and determine the fire compartmentation due to evidence of re configuration of internal walls and routes
17
Q
Damp in one core sample, was this representable of the whole roof? What was the implication of doing this?
A
- Multiple core samples were taken from different areas of the roof, all showing saturation
- Review of asbestos management plans prior to core sampling
- Repairs needed to weatherproof membrane and felt
- Risk of damage and leaks from taking core samples
- Used experienced roof specialist to undertake sampling
18
Q
How about inspection on other projects - What do you do, what do you report on and how do you advise your client? I.e progress etc?
A
- Understand the brief and scope
- Undertake inspections for quality monitoring and progress
- Advise on valuations, extension of time applications
- Report on quality of building works and compliance with specification
- Advise client on on findings and next steps required
19
Q
What are the requirements for an inspection?
A
- Competent individual, understand scope and brief
- Relevant health and safety knowledge and site induction
- Correct PPE and equipment
- Risk assessments and method statements
- Undertake inspection and produce report
20
Q
What factors affect the approach to an inspection?
A
- Type of survey / scope and brief
- Frequency of inspections
- Type of property and occupants
- Access arrangements
- Site specific risks and health and safety considerations
- Time and weather
- Experience or qualifications of surveyor
21
Q
What kind of destructive testing are you aware of? And how does it supplement visual inspections?
A
- Core sampling, core drilling,
- Trial pits and boreholes for foundation investigations
- Timber sampling
- Borescope inspections
- Taking materials away, I.e windows, doors, walls
- Aids visual inspection to support and provide a evidence of findings
- Can assist in preparation of design to understand depth of construction and scope of works required
22
Q
A
23
Q
Why is it important to undertake risk assessments prior to inspection?
A
- To safeguard you and others
- To understand level of PPE and equipment needed
- To understand whether safe to proceed with survey
- To prepare for the inspection in the safest way possible
- Ensure ethical practices
24
Q
What line working safety measures are you aware of?
A
- Suitable training and preparation
- Appropriate risk assessments ahead of the inspection
- Check forecast weather conditions
- Calling system with supervisors at work
- Extra vigilant on site, I.e fragile structures
- Understanding risks when arriving to site
25
What invasive species are you aware of?
- Japanese knotweed, damage to structures and foundations
- Wet rot and dry rot, can effect structural integrity
- Rodents in void spaces, causing structural damage and health and safety risks
- Termites, infests wood structures, tunnel through wood
- Giant hogweed, sap is toxic and can cause severe skin burns and eye damage
26
What is Japanese knotweed? How can it be identified, and how can it affect a building?
- Fast growing invasive plant widely spread in Europe
- Stems are red/brown stem or purplish. Bamboo like in appearance. Zig zag shaped stems grow up to 3m tall in season
- Leaves are heart shaped with flat base and pointed tips. Leaves are quite large up to 15cm in length and width
- Flowers are small creamy or green flowers grovelled in spikes
- Can grow through buildings and foundations, weakening the structure and breaking apart materials
27
How can Japanese knotweed be treated?
- Herbicide application over numerous seasons during mid summer to late autumn. Use glyphosate based herbicide
- Excavate complete rooted area by 3m deep, removing all rhizomes also applying herbicidal treatment within grounds
- Monitor, document and report over several years
28
What other deleterious materials are you aware of?
- Asbestos:
Contained in materials pre 1999 and when disturbed realises airborne fibres in the air which can cause lung diseases such as cancer and asbestosis.
Amosite, Chrysotile, Crocidolite
- Lead based paint:
Found in buildings pre 1970. Exposure to lead dust can cause lead poisoning, causing neurological damage and organ damage
- Mold growth and fungal growth:
Can cause respiratory issues and allergic reactions. Can also cause structural damage to buildings
- Silica dust:
Releases dust in the air when using cutting machinery to cut concrete, stone, brick. Can lead to Silicosis and lung cancer.
- RAAC:
Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. Aerated concrete commonly used in mid 1900s up to late 1990s. Can lead to structural failure and collapse.
- Legionella:
Bacteria in water formed at stagnant levels and warm temperatures. Released particles of bacteria which breathed in can lead to bacterial infections and severe form of pneumonia. Typically in water between 20-30 degrees
29
What is the RICS Surveying Safely Standard?
- Sets out basic, good practice principles for management of health and safety
- Responsibilities, corporate, personal
- Importance of risk assessments, identifying, assessing, evaluating
- Matters to consider and checks before visiting site
- Fire safety risks and management
- General procurement of contractors
30
What are snagging inspections?
- End of works inspections to inspect the quality ahead of completion and handover
- Ensure the work meets the expected standards and is in compliance with contractual requirements
31
Is snagging part of standard building contracts?
- Yes generally considered as part of the defects period in which contractor has opportunity to rectify
32
What are common defects to flat roofs?
- Water ponding and pooling, inadequate drainage falls
- Failed lap joints, poor installation, aging of bonding materials
- Blistering, trapped air or moisture
- Defective flashings, poor installation, rust, movement
- Defective upstands
- Defective rainwater goods
- Rooflights and windows
33
How do you determine if works are sufficiently rectified prior to sign off and completion?
- Undertake reinspection, checking previous report
- Check for compliance with contract and specification
- Cross reference drawings, relevant standards and regulations
- Complete snagging and desnagging
34
What are tender documents, what’s included?
- Cover letter, project description, details, address, brief overview of the works
- Detailed specification and drawings
- Itemised pricing schedule
- Form of Tender, tender submission details
- Pre Construction Information and investigative surveys
35
What construction risks did you identify at Hillcrest?
- Locality of the works was within the inner courtyard
- Fire escape route of internal corridors
- Working at height and failing materials
- Working in a live school environment
36
What is a Pre-Construction Information pack?
- Obligation of client under under CDM Regulations 2015
- Health and safety information to be included in tender pack for contractors before start of works
- Requirements set out within the pack for contractor to produce Construction Phase Plan
37
How did you advise you client using a Planned Preventative Maintenance survey?
- Identified the building defects, considered the likely risks associated with the defect impact on surrounding fabric
- Advised on timescales for corrective issues
- Advised my client on the need to undertake further assessment of fire compartmentation from fire engineers and impact of re arranged internal walls
38
What are typical defects of a traditional masonry constructed building?
- Damp / water ingress
- Cracking due to settlement
- Structural defects
- Defective doors and windows
- Spalling to external masonry
- Pointing and mortar
- Bowing of walls and structures
- Decaying timber
- Chimney timber
- Roof defects
39
What are typical defects of a timber pitched roof?
- Defective timber, suffering from rot and decay
- Bowing roof timber structure, sagging, shrinkage
- Defective roof coverings and waterproofing membrane
- Fire stopping defects at party wall junctions
- Wood worm and pest infestation
- Broken or damaged roof trusses or rafters
- Damage to breathable membrane
- Roof truss failure
- Faulty or missing roof insulation
40
How did you advise regarding defective guttering?
- Identified the defects and possible cause of further damage to surrounding structure
- Assessed the urgency of the repair and extent of repairs required
- Advised of immediate repairs required
Can lead to:
- Water damage, damp and mould growth, pest infestation, water can seep into the foundation and cause cracks, weakening the structure and increased risk of flooding
41
How did you determine a D1 rating? What is a D1 rating?
- Life expired and component no longer serving its intended use
- Immediate rectification required
- Material / component failure
- Visible signs of complete failure and impact it has on surrounding structure
42
What is the risk of brickwork saturation?
- Failed mortar joints and beds
- Mutliple cycles of freeze thaw and spalling masonry
- Penetrating damp and damage to internal fabric
- Efflorescence, weakening masonry long term
- Corrosion of embedded metal components
- Structural damage and cracking
43
What is the risk of rainwater overspill and failed joints to guttering?
- Brickwork saturation, freeze thaw cycles leading to spalling masonry
- Mortar decay
- Efflorescence causing aesthetic impact and evidence of defective guttering
- Structural damage and cracking
- Internal damp and mould from penetrating damp
44
What is the risk of missing downpipe sections?
- Inandequate rainwater drainage
- Saturation of supporting masronry structure
- Detrioratiom of mortar and masonry from frost damage and multiple freeze thaw cycles
- Increased risk of penetrating damp leading to mould and damage to internal fabric
45
Why did you advise on engaging a fire officer?
- To ascertain the fire compartmentation of the building and whether recent alterations have impacted the fire integrity of the building
46
What are blisters to flat roofs? What is the risk?
- Trapped air and moisture beneath waterproofing layer
- Leads to expansion during cold weather and cracking of the waterproofing layer
- Leads to failed lap joints and deboning of joints
- Any movement or physical weight can split the membrane
- Can be due to improper installation, leaks or inadequate ventilation
- Leads to water leaks and deterioration of internal elements and roof structure
47
How did you advise on your roof condition survey?
- Advised the client due to inadequate falls to internal drainage outlets, excessive water ponding to roof is leading to leaks internally
- Advised that the water ponding during heavy rainfall is cascading over the edges of the roof and causing brickwork saturation, leading to damp staining and frost damage to bricks and mortar
- Due to failed lap joints, water is penetrating internally, damaging internal fabric and roof structure
- Visual inspection and multiple core samples proved complete saturation which was also supported by a thermography survey undertaken which outlined multiple areas of moisture build up beneath the waterproofing layer
48
What are failed lap joints? What are the risks?
- Failure to bonding of overlapping waterproofing layers of the roof
- Bonding can fail due to insufficient installations, blistering caused from expansion, physical movement and stress
- Failed lap joints form openings in the waterproofing layer which allows water to penetrate beneath which leads to internal leaks and possible structural damage
- Causes roof insulation to become saturated and offering little or no energy efficiency
- Risks include health an safety hazards from mould growth
49
Why did you undertake core samples?
- To aid the visual inspections and supported evidence for saturated roofing materials from failure
- To aid in the design by understanding the existing construction depths to aid the proposed design and specification
- To test the moisture content of the insulation to understand whether any energy performance issues
50
What is a 99.9 reading on a core sample?
- Maximum saturation detected within insulation
51
What is a protimeter and what is its limitations?
- Digital damp meter which is used to test moisture content within materials, temperature and humidity levels
- Can be used with the pins attached to insert into materials or pinless function used to detect moisture through radio signals detected
Limitations include:
- Electronic meter, which can be faulty
- Pin moisture meter causes penetrations to materials
- Pin moisture meter is limited to taking readings of pins inserted up to 15mm
- Can give inaccurate readings if salts are present or detection of metals within the surface
52
Talk me through your preparation of Schedules of Conditions and Dilapidations advice?
- Don’t have experience in dilapidations surveys.
- Schedules of Condition. Thorough inspection of all external and internal building elements with traffic light rating system, possible cause and impact of defect, and photographic evidence of the defect and location reference
- Formal report and documentation with property details, survey conditions, date and time, address, exclusions and access
53
How does the output of your different inspections vary?
- Detailed scope and brief depending on clients requirements
Types of inspections
- Regular progress and quality inspections
- Schedule of Condition surveys
- Building Surveys / Preaquisition surveys
- Snagging inspections
- PPM Surveys
- Drone Surveys
- Damp Surveys
54
55
Tell me about when you have commissioned advanced inspection techniques, for example, infrared thermography, fibre optics, concrete testing?
- Hall Green - Concrete hammer test on concrete lintels
- Hall Green - Thermography testing for roof moisture mapping
- Hall Green - Carbonation testing using phenolphthalein test kit spray
- Citizen Housing - Wood rot specialist survey of the timber in basement
56
UoB - What was the purpose of the snagging inspection?
- To ensure works are completed in line with contract specification and drawings
- To identify an defects to be rectified by the contractor
- To ensure compliance and quality
57
How did you prepare you snagging report?
- Throughly inspected all areas as contractor considers works now complete
- Inspect all works and identify any defects, locations, and photographs
- Created a snagging report and issued to the relevant stakeholders
58
UoB Snagging - Can you please give me an example of an item you identified?
- Faulty kitchen extractor hood, making rattling noise when turned on
- Mastic sealant missing to some worktop areas
- Unit doors not aligned correctly, causing opening and shutting to be defective
59
Hillcrest - How did you document the client meeting?
- Took accurate records on site and minuted key decisions and discussions
- Following the meeting, sent out meeting minutes with agreements and decisions to all relevant stakeholders
60
How did you prepare for your survey?
Guidance: RICS Professional Standard on Surveying Safely 2018
- Arrange the site inspection with key contacts, date time etc
- Undertake a desk based assessment of the site
- Review drawings and property information provided by the client
- Undertake risk assessment and produce method statements for specific elements of the inspection
- Preprare the necessary PPE and equipment needed for the survey
- Agree a clear brief and scope of the survey
61
Can you give me an example of a construction risk?
- Working at height / falls from height
- Deleterious materials
62
Tell me about when you have provided a detailed Building Survey report for a client containing detailed information, conclusions and recommendations?
Dalcour Maclaren Pre Acquisition Building Survey:
- Detailed description of the all external and internal areas with top to bottom defect analysis, prognosis and remedy
- Report included Introduction, Executive Summary, defects in each room, recommendations, conclusions, photographic evidence, local flood maps, relevant legislation
63
Tell me about when you have provided detailed reasoned advice to clients for dilapidations, including analysis of lease information?
- I don’t have experience, but I understand the process
- Understand and review the initial lease agreement for obligations of the client
- Undertake an inspection of the property outlining condition of boding elements and breach of the lease obligation in the form of a Scott Schedule
- Advise the client on the breaches and liaise with the other parties surveyor to negotiate settlement or repair of the building
- Consider a diminution valuation if stipulated within the lease agreement
- Reinspect and confirm final settlement
Report includes:
- Executive Summary
- Lease document analysis
- Inspection findings
- Identification of dilapidations (breaches)
- Cost estimate for repairs
- Recommendations for settlement
- Photographic evidence
- Conclusion
64
Tell me about when you have prepared detailed building survey reports, for example on a pre-acquisition basis/ on a complex building structure for developers/ investors?
Dalcour Maclaren Pre Acquisition Building Survey:
- Detailed description of the all external and internal areas with top to bottom defect analysis, prognosis and remedy
Report included:
- Introduction
- Propert details and purpose of the inspection
- Title deeds
- Existing Building Plans
- Building permits and approvals
- Site inspection and condition assessment with defects analysis, prognosis, and remedy
- Local/ legal information
- Floor risk assessment
- EPC of the property
- Recommendations and costings
- Conclusions
65
How have you interpreted and provided advice in relation to results of advanced inspection undertaken by others?
Hall Green Thermography Testing
- Moisture map of roof showed areas with warmer and cooler temperatures. Cooler temperatures shown in colour code which indicates presence of water beneath the waterproofing layer, coinciding with my visual inspection. Advised the client on the need to replace the roof build up due to saturated insulation no longer proving any energy efficient and failed roof coverings leading to degradation of internal and external surrounding elements
66
Stantonbury - What is the purpose of a Planned Preventative Maintenance Survey?
- To provide the property owner with defect report of building elements, identifying most urgent and future works required with timeframe on life expectancy remaining and budget costing for maintenance purposes
- Understand the maintenance requirements for a property over a specified period of time
67
What did you need to consider over a 10-year period?
- Current condition and when works would be required
- Life expectancy of materials and components, and expected time for replacement
- Budget costings over the 10-year period for building maintenance with projected inflation
- Regulatory/ Compliance changes in the future
- Further testing and investigative works required
68
How was the guttering and downpipes defective?
- Some sections of the guttering was missing and not providing continuous run of drainage
- Missing joints and adapters with gaps in the gutters and downpipes
- Missing fixings to supporting structure
- Cracks to gutters and downpipes
- Staining and efflorescence of supporting masonry indicating defective drainage
69
Stantonbury guttering - What was your advice on remedial works?
- Replace with like for like uPvC guttering and downpipes.
- Black uPVC half round guttering 112mm width with 88mm downpipes with all associated joints, adapters and fixings
- Alternative was to change to aluminium and was dependent on client budget. Aluminium provides a more durable, UV and rust resistant solution which requires less maintenance, however a higher initial cost to install
70
Why did you provide a D1 rating?
- End of its serviceable life / failure of component due to damage beyond repair
- No longer serving its intended use and causing surrounding elements to deteriorate
- Immediate remedial required
71
Stantonbury - Did you give any structural considerations to remedial of partitions?
- Void was accessible and previous walls appear to have been removed were not load bearing walls as the adjacent corridor walls were supporting the main roof structure with no evidence of load bearing requirements above the removed partition walls
- Removals were the door partitions within the corridor area
72
Why did you advise a fire officer?
- The circulation spaces and fire escape routes were open plan due to fire door and partitions having been removed to create an open plan
- No evidence of any protected fire escape routes or fire stopping measures, or compartmentation within communal corridors
73
Hall Green - How did you go about carrying out your inspection?
- Reviewed existing site information provided including drawings and plans
- Conducted desk based study of the site
- Established the PPE and equipment requirements to access and undertake the survey
- Undertook and risk assessment prior to inspection
- Understood the scope and brief of the survey
- Considered safe access onto roof and possibility of fragile roof structures
- Clear communication with site management
- Assessed the site upon arrival, access and possible fragility of roof before ascending onto roof space
74
Hall Green roof survey - What health and safety precautions did you consider?
- Live school environment
- Working from height
- Fragile structures
- Weather impact for roof survey
- Lone working
- Obstacles on roof, slips and falls
- PPE and Equipment requirements
75
Why did you advise on full replacement rather than repairs?
- Defects identified were beyond economical repair
- Insulation was completely saturated on the multiple core samples taken from various areas of the roof indicating no thermal performance
- Overlaying the roof would not address the issues with insufficient drainage to internal outlets and no thermal performance of the insulation
- Repairs and overlaying do not come with a guaranteed solution whereas a new system will have a 20 year guarantee and 35 year life expectancy
76
Why did you consult a roof specialist?
- To undertake core samples and provide a patch repair upon completion
- To undertake a thermography test to provide a moisture map of the roof areas to aid the visual inspection and ascertain the extent of the presence of water beneath the water proofing layer
77
Hall Green Roof Specialist - What was their outcome?
- Core sample results showed saturation to the insulation beneath the water proofing layer, there was also visible water build up on the VCL beneath the insulation
- Moosture map shows thermography plan of the roof showing warmer and colder areas indication presence of water. The map indicated presence of water in numerous areas beneath the water proofing layer and corresponded with visual inspection and defects identified
78
Hall Green Roof - Was a protimeter the correct testing option?
- Thermal imagery was undertaken later down the line but for the purposes of this inspection it was not required as saturation could be clearly seen through visual inspection and protimeter was used to confirm
79
Hall Green Roof Survey Protimeter - What was the outcome of this?
- Complete saturation and corner failure of roof waterproofing
80
Hall Green Roof Survey Protimeter - How did this affect your advice?
- Aided my initial and visual inspections as well as the thermal imaging test to ascertain the severity of the roof defects and presence of water beneath the water proofing
- Confirmed a complete strip out and new roofing covering system was required
81
What guidance is available for PPM surveys?
- RICS Professional Standard on Planned Preventative Maintenance 2022
- RICS Professional Standard on Surveying Assets in the Built Environment 2017
82
What guidance is available for RAAC?
- DfE Guidance - Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) : Identification Guidance
- The Institution of Structural Engineers - Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (RAAC) Panels Investigation and Assessment
83
RAAC - What are the stages of identification and action?
2 stage process outlined by DfE
Stage 1A - Initial RAAC identification
- Can be undertaken by someone who has responsibility for a building or estate management
Stage 1B - Appoint a Building Surveyor or Structural Engineer to confirm if RAAC is present
Stage 2 - Actions to take and inform DfE if RAAC is confirmed
84
How can you identify RAAC?
Guidance:
- DfE RAAC Identification Guidance
- Institute of Structural Engineers RAAC Panels Investigation and Assessment
Identification
- In buildings built between 1950s to late 1990s
- Bubbly appearance inside the panels, underside appears smooth
- No visible stones or aggregate, as normal concrete would look
- 600mm wide concrete panels typically, and length up to 6m
- Distinctive V shaped grooves at regular spacings, chamfered edges
- Floors, walls, ceilings that are white or light grey
- Very soft, if you prod with a sharp object, you will leave an indentation
- Drawings of buildings that refer to RAAC, or mention any of the following suppliers, Siporex, Duroc, Celcon, Hebel, Ytong
- Note this list is not exhaustive and occasionally panels with square edges or narrower widths have been identified
85
What are remediation techniques for RAAC?
- Emergency propping when panels are deemed to be in a severe condition
- Enhanced end bearing, to mitigate against known deficiencies or unknown end bearing conditions
- Remedial supports to actively take loading from the panels
- Passive fail safe supports to mitigate catastrophic failure
- Complete replacement with a lightweight solution
- Regular monitoring of the panels
86
What are defects associated RAAC panels?
- Insufficient bearings with reinforcement not properly placed within the concrete panels
- Corrosion of steel due to high pem ability of RAAC, often shows no signs until complete failure
- Voids around reinforcement, insufficient bonding to the reinforcement
- Insufficient anchorage of steel reinforcement
- Incorrect cover to steel
- Cutting off panels post manufacture
87
What guidance is there for fire doors?
- BRE Digest 524 - Fire Doors
- BS 476 - Door assembles meets fire standards
- BS 8214 - Timber-based fire door assemblies
