integumentary system Flashcards

Question

explain the lipid water boundary

Answer 1

without the lipid water boundary, we would lose so much water and maybe live for a day this is why burn victims need hydration because their lipid layer is damaged and they cannot retain water water gets stopped at the lipid boundary right above the stratum granulosum the stratum corneum swells with water bc it cant pass through the boundary (this is why fingertips prune in water)

Answer 2

because they can go through the lipid water boundary (they are lipid soluble not water soluble) ex. nicotene patches, estrogen patches/creams, lidocaine patches (steroids)

Answer 3

cells begin to lose organelles and die densely packed with keratin

Answer 4

cells are dead, filled with keratin provides physical protection

Answer 5

desquamation

Answer 6

separation of the cell from the surface of the stratum corneum

Answer 7

accelerated desquamation caused by yeast in genus Malassezia a buildup of sebum can sometimes lead to a buildup of fungus which is the dandruff when the superficial layer of the epidermis gets damaged, the rate of keratinocyte production increases and therefore the rate of desquamation increases Zinc in dandruff shampoos kills the yeast

Answer 8

traps in moisture which moisturizes dead skin cells contains two things: 1. humectants 2. emollients

Answer 9

humectants attract water from the air they are negatively charged particles that attract ions to skin and therefore water can be urea, glycerine, or any type of acid emollients fill spaces in the stratum corneum between cells hydrates skin and looks more full typically are fats, petroleum, or mineral oil

Answer 10

provides blood and nutrients to the epidermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue loose areolar connective tissue adipose tissue stratified cuboidal epithelium (sweat glands)

Answer 11

dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

Answer 12

extensions of the dermis into the epidermis

Answer 13

extensions of the epidermis into the dermis

Answer 14

- joining of the epidermis and dermis - thermoregulation - blood vessels from dermis are closer to the surface (vasoconstriction and dilation) - sensation - things like tactile corpuscles and such closer to the surface for pressure receptions - provide surface for friction (grasping objects)

Answer 15

friction ridges used for better gripping and increased sensation (sensors in the epidermal ridges)

Answer 16

papillary layer (dermal papillae) reticular layer (everything deep to papillary)

Answer 17

mostly areolar connective tissue loosely organized leukocyte mobility -- they leave the circulatory system and move through the dermis to catch pathogens rich in blood vessels

Answer 18

mostly dense irregular connective tissue lots of thick collagen bundles resists stretching and provides support space for glands/hairs/blood vessels there are NO reticular fibers here the word reticular = net/fiber - like structure

Answer 19

HD = layer below the skin the most vascularized layer largely adipose tissue energy reserve, thermal insulation, protection

Answer 20

bc it reaches the hypodermis layer so that the vaccines/whatever they are injecting can reach the highly vascularized tissue of the hypodermis (it can enter the blood stream easily)

Answer 21

burns are damage due to heat, sunlight, acids/bases, or electrical shock classified according to the depth of tissue damage 1st degree burns only breach the epidermis - sunburns, etc 2nd degree burns get through the epidermis and dermis - leakage of blood plasma (blister bubbles) 3rd degree burns get through the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - destroying integument into the HD

Answer 22

loss of liters of water loss of 75% of blood plasma in a few hours death due to cardiac arrest bc of damage done to the lipid water boundary bc they are losing a lot of their blood volume in plasma, they are not moving nutrients or oxygen through the body

Answer 23

patients are kept in an aseptic environment and are given antibiotics in high doses they lose macrophages (dendritic cell) (or leukocytes potentially) that get rid of pathogens and the physical barrier of the integument is damaged

Answer 24

require thousands of extra calories per day to heal the damaged skin the integumentary system is very metabolically active

Answer 25

1. basal cell carcinoma happens in stratum basale most common curable by removal 2. squamous cell carcinoma mostly impacts the squamous spinosum second most common curable by removal often metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes 3. melanoma affects melanocytes in the stratum basale least common most deadly metastasizes very quickly

Answer 26

sun protective factor calculating SPF: time to burn with sunscreen divided by time to burn without sunscreen a higher SPF is not always better SPF 30,50, and 100 are basically the same you need a copious amount of sunscreen for it to be effective

Answer 27

disease that causes the loss of skin color often in patches that tend to grow over time symptoms: hypopigmentation (often first on hands and feet) premature hair whitening cause: destruction of melanocytes autoimmune disorder, typically genetic prognosis: not life threatening or contagious but it does spread no known cure

Answer 28

hemoglobin is a blood protein that transports oxygen it has the red pigment that makes all blood red oxygenated blood is bright red while deoxygenated blood is a little less red veins are green/purple bc you are looking at hemoglobin through layers of dense irregular connective tissue with lots of collagen lips are pink bc they are highly vascularized in dermis

Answer 29

carotene is a yellow pigment from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables accumulates in thick skin of stratum corneum or in subcutaneous fat ex. calluses in foot turn an orange/yellow color

Answer 30

abnormal redness of the skin short term: caused by exercise, hot weather, sun burns, rosacia rosacia is the dilation of blood vessels we dont know what causes it (most likely autoimmune, hereditary)

Answer 31

abnormal paleness could be caused by: indication of low blood pressure cold weather which causes vasoconstriction extreme anemia - not enough RBCs - not enough hemoglobin

Answer 32

abnormal blueness of skin blue tips of fingers linked to oxygen deficiency/obstruction blocked airway, lung disease, etc. cardiac arrest

Answer 33

abnormal yellowness of skin and whites of eyes caused by buildup of the pigment bilirubin -bilirubin forms when hemoglobin gets broken down - normally, it doesnt stay in the body bc the liver collects it and puts in bile in the gallbladder --> small intestine --> poop (why poop is brown (bilirubin is broken down by bacteria which turns it brown)) jaundice is indicative of liver or gallbladder problems bc it accumulates in the body newborns are often born with jaundice bc their livers are underdeveloped - they use UV lights in baby rooms to break down the bilirubin (it usually is not a health issue)

Answer 34

bruise skin changing colors --> red/purple bleeding bc of a broken blood vessel eventually it turns a green ish color -- bilirubin is accumulated in the skin when bilirubin sits for a while, it gets broken down into biliverdin (green color)

Answer 35

keratin bundled by filaggrin

Answer 36

pilus (pili) slender filament of keratinized cells -there are about 5 mil hairs on body - there are 100,000 hairs on scalp - you lose about 50-100 scalp hairs daily - hair grows abot 1 mm per 3 days - hair color is due to the pigment melanin hair is metabolically active layers of dead keratinocytes

Answer 37

determinant - hair that grows to a certain length and then stop indeterminant - hair that grows infinitely

Answer 38

pheomelanin causes red hair color varying amounts of eumelanin causes all the rest of the hair colors

Answer 39

the shape of a cross section of hair straight hair is circular wavy hair is slightly oblong (oval) curly hair is super oblong

Answer 40

epidermal invagination deep into the dermis

Answer 41

1. mature anogen -growing phase - 6-8 years stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into the dermis hair matrix cells multiply and keratinize, causing hair to grow upward epidermis envaginates into dermis (follicle development) 2. catagen -degenerative phase - 2-3 weeks hair growth ceases hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair (detaches from papilla and dies) 3. telogen -resting phase - 1-3 months dermal papilla has ascended to level or bulge club hair falls out, usually in telogen or next anagen deep follicle ascends falling out hairs (club hairs) are usually in telogen it doesnt have to fall out it can stay in there 4. early anogen old club hair may persist temporarily alongside newly growing hair and it will be pushed out by new hair active throughout life

Answer 42

the epidermis invaginates and becomes only one cell layer thick (stratum basale) on the basement membrane with stem cells (which produce the hair) and melanocytes (which give the pigment) the hair matrix begins at a dermal papilla which has lots of blood vessels to support it there is massive differentiation of stem cells into keratinocytes and massive mitosis

Answer 43

the general term for hair loss from all or some of the body 4 different types: 1. autoimmune - alopecia areata dont know what causes it 2. mechanical damage - traction alopecia long term damage, ex. pulling on long hair into buns for extended periods, burns, etc. 3. stress or childbirth - telogen alopecia 4. hormone imbalance - androgenic alopecia caused by imbalance in androgens (testosterone) common in males (male pattern baldness) can be treated

Answer 44

rogaine -- minoxidil opens up potassium channels which strengthens hair follicles that are already there can be applied to the scalp bc it can pass through the lipid water boundary when men have low testosterone levels, that leads to vasoconstriction, ceasing growth of hair bc it is not supported by blood vessels --> male pattern baldness process: smooth muscle cells around blood vessels contract to restrict blood flow to do this, they need to let calcium channels open so calcium can get in to do that, they need to open Na and K channels to allow Na in and K out (this is the trigger for letting Ca in) Minoxidil opens K channels and prevents blood vessels from contracting

Answer 45

when a hair shaft that should normally exit the skin does something like: grow back on itself and back into the skin surface (mostly this) has been blocked from growing out and started to grow to the side before breaching the skin get trapped on its way out of the skin causes inflammation and infection

Answer 46

lots of ingrown hairs on the skin chicken skin normal skin growth and typically goes away at around year 30 can use abrasives to break hair up

Answer 47

clear and hard stratum corneum they grow about 3.5 mm per month found on fingers and toes lunule is due to rapid growth

Answer 48

lunule massive quick growth multiplying and pushing away keratinocytes creates pressure near blood vessels ^so much pressure that it pushes on the epithelium and pushes away blood permanently

Answer 49

leukonychia not from a Ca deficiency, they are just abrasions

Answer 50

nails that grow back into the epidermis can lead to infection, inflammation caused by damage, weird cutting of toenails, etc.

Answer 51

an organ that releases substance(s) for: 1. use somewhere else in the body 2. elimination from the body

Answer 52

1. endocrine NO contact with free surface (facing outside of the body or inside a cavity) no ducts highly vascularized (secrete hormones directly into the blood stream 2. exocrine have contact with free surfaces duct present - contact with outside world or cavity of an organ

Answer 53

1. sudoriferous glands - eccrine glands - apocrine glands 2. sebaceous glands 3. ceruminous glands 4. mammary glands

Answer 54

commonly called sweat glands 1. eccrine glands evaporative cooling waste excretion of urea, Na, waste nitrogenous products widely distributed (3-4 mil) duct to the skin surface all of them basically make up one kidneys worth 2. apocrine glands scent glands pubic, anal, axillary, areola, beard areas release sex pheromones duct to a hair follicle

Answer 55

oil glands, associated with hair follicles secrete sebum - oily secretion with cell particles ^ prevents dry, brittle, and cracked hair and skin duct opens into hair follicle which goes to skin shampoos have synthetic sebum to keep hair moist

Answer 56

when sebum gets stuck under pores sebum is good food for bacteria ^pus, inflammation, etc. due to hormone production androgens ^ dehydroepiandrosterone (testosterone) causes the overproduction of sebum = clogged follicles bacne = due to steroids (injecting testosterone) typically in males lots of sebum on back

Answer 57

glands of the ear canals stratified squamous cells cerumen = sebum and dead epidermal cells (earwax) results in pliable eardrum (needs to vibrate to hear), waterproofs, kills, and traps stuff

Answer 58

cerumen sebum and dead epidermal cells

Answer 59

milk producing glands located in breasts lactation during pregnancy duct like structures (tubes) in lactating mammary glands, the tubes are swollen and distended with milk product