Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells with a specific structural and functional role in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

histology

A

the study of microscopic structures of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four primary tissue types and their general functions

A
  1. epithelial tissue - protects, absorbs, secretes, excretes, filters, senses
  2. connective tissue - supports, protects, binds other tissues
  3. nervous tissue - control, communication
  4. muscular tissue - movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers surface or lines body cavities
one or more cells thick (depends on function and location)
6 broad functions in the body:
1. protection
2. absorption
3. secretion
4. excretion
5. filtration
6. sensation
ex. taste cells, stomach, respiratory tract, blood vessels, retina (portions of it), kidneys, heart (pericardium), small intestine
basically everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. cells are very close together (held with tight junctions)
  2. very few blood vessels
  3. always associated with deeper connective tissue

^^because they get nutrients/stuff from the blood from the connective tissue. CT is highly vascularized and feeds the epithelial tissue

  1. high rate of mitosis

^^constantly shedding the top layer, so it needs to be replaced quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

basement membrane

A

located between the epithelium and connective tissue (holds the two together)
made of collagen and adhesive glycoproteins (makes it sticky)
anchor both tissues

necessary bc the epithelium is dependent on the CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does it mean that epithelial cells have polarity

A

they have two different surfaces
1. apical surface - free surface, not attached to other cells
where the action takes place (release and absorption of stuff)
2. basal surface - attached to basement membrane
physically connects cell to basement membrane which holds it to CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the differences between simple and stratified cells

A

generally: layer of cells, shape of cells, basement membrane

  1. simple epithelium has one layer of cells, stratified epithelium has more than one layer
  2. simple epithelium is named by the shape of cells, stratified epithelium is named by the shape of the apical cells
  3. in simple epithelium, all cells touch the basement membrane, in stratified epithelium, not all cells touch the basement membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelial tissue

A

all one cell layer thick

  1. simple squamos epithelial tissue
  2. simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
  3. simple columnar epithelial tissue
  4. pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
    ^ looks stratified, but not all cells touch the apical surface (all cells touch the basement membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the four types of stratified epithelial tissue

A

2-20 layers thick, only the deepest layers are attached to the basement membrane

  1. stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  2. stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
  3. stratified columnar epithelial tissue
  4. transitional epithelial tissue
    ^tissue changes shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the four membranes that epithelial tissue forms

A

External membrane
1. cutaneous membrane
skin

Internal membranes
2. mucous membrane (mucosa)
lines passages that open to the exterior
ex. digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

  1. serous membrane (serosa)
    lines the outer surface of most organs (viscera)
    ex. pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum
  2. endothelium
    internal lining of blood vessels, heart, lymph vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the connective tissue layer of the mucosa

A

lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mucous membranes secrete ____

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are in serous membranes?
mucous membranes?

A

serous membranes are always simple squamos
mucous membranes can be different types of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

serous membranes secrete ____

A

serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the serosa

A

gets rid of friction between organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the connective tissue layer of the serosa

A

areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the numerous functions of connective tissue

A

binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

general features of connective tissue

A

cells are not very close together
can be vascularized (ex. dense irregular) or not (hyaline cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why does it take so long for a tear in fibrocartilage (ACL and meniscus) to heal?

A

bc its not vascularized – need blood flow to heal properly and quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the five general types of connective tissue

A

fibrous CT
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

22
Q

what are the three main elements that make up all CT

A

cells
fibers
ground substance
(fibers and ground substance make up the extracellular matrix

23
Q

what exactly is the extracellular matrix in CT

A

extracellular material composed of non cellular substances, like water, proteins, carbs, gases, ions, nutrients, wastes, etc.

2 specific non cellular substances:
fibers: fibrous proteins
ground substance: viscous gel like substance made up of carbs and/or proteins that holds together body cells

24
Q

function of the extracellular matrix in CT

A

-provides physical scaffolding for tissue
-initiates and maintains crucial physiological processes in tissues
ex. cell adhesion, water regulation, tissue growth, repair, and differentiation
-different functions depending on tissue type
ex. matrix of bone is what makes it hard (has fibers and calcium phosphate)
ex. blood matrix has no fibers, just plasma (ground substance)

25
fibroblasts
cells in connective tissues that produce the fibers and ground substance
26
what are the three types of fibers in CT
collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
27
collagen fibers
made of the protein collagen degrades as we age --> wrinkles most abundant protein in the body (25%) tough, flexible, resists stretching
28
reticular fibers
thin collagen fibers, coated with glycoproteins bind together organs
29
elastic fibers
made of the protein elastin coiled structure that allows for recoiling after stretching abundant in arteries (need to expand and contract with blood flow)
30
what are the three types of ground substances in CT`
glycosaminoglycans proteoglycans proteoglycans & glycoproteins
31
glycosaminoglycans
long polysaccharides aid in regulating electrolytes and water balance can be as large as a cell - they have a negative charge that attracts Na+ and other positive ions to the tissue - water will follow the solutes hylaronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan - very good for skin bc it moisturizes it condroitan lines joints - pulls water to joints and can help with arthritis
32
proteoglycans
polysaccharides with proteins slows the spread of pathogenic organisms in tissues so that the immune system can catch it ex. fruit that is stuck in jello (pathogen that is stuck in a proteoglycan)
33
proteoglycans and glycoproteins
protein-carbohydrate complexes attach CAMs (cellular adhesion molecules) to fibers in the matrix
34
what are the two main (and four sub) categories of fibrous connective tissue
fibrous connective tissue 1. loose connective tissue - areolar connective tissue - reticular connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue - dense regular connective tissue - dense irregular connective tissue
35
what is main difference between loose and dense connective tissue
loose CT has more ground substance than cells/fibers dense CT has more cells/fibers than ground substance
36
general features of fibrous connective tissue
most diverse type, very conspicuous fibers
37
areolar connective tissue
highly vascularized function in nutrient waste and exchange found almost everywhere (99% of the time, it is immediately deep to epithelial tissue) it is sticky - binding between epithelial layer and deeper CT
38
reticular connective tissue
function in framework for lymphatic organs located in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow sticky - holds together lymphatic organs like a netted bag with cells inside
39
dense regular connective tissue
function in binding bones and muscles located in ligaments and tendons fibers arranged in regular straight motion (only one direction)
40
dense irregular connective tissue
functions in withstanding stress, supporting epithelium (vascularized) located in the dermis, deep to serous membranes fibers arranged in an irregular pattern
41
adipose tissue
functions in filling space (between organs, etc --> gives structure) , energy storage located in subcutaneous fat, organs, breasts, usually found deep to skin very little matrix in between cells
42
cartilage (general) + name three types and their fibers
very few blood vessels nutrition/waste exchange is slow harder to heal 3 types (that may have specific names) -hyaline cartilage -> collagen fibers -elastic cartilage -> elastic fibers -fibrocartilage -> course bundles of collagen fibers
43
hyaline cartilage
functions in movement and structure located in bones, lines respiratory system (trachea, larynx, etc. -- keeps airways open), ribs (connects bone to sternum) looks glassy and reflective covers tips of bones and joints a precursor of bone (all bone develops from hyaline cartilage)
44
elastic cartilage
functions in giving a flexible structure located in the ear (funnel of auricle), epiglottis has conspicuous elastic fibers
45
fibrocartilage
functions to absorb shock and resist compression (ex. in knees) found in intervertebral discs, menisci, and pubic symphysis chondrocytes are in rows in lacunae
46
bone tissue
bone can refer to an organ or a tissue functions in supporting, protecting, movement, Ca2+ and P storage located in skeleton and ears bone tissue is metabolically active
47
blood tissue
functions in transportation (O2, nutrients, waste, etc.), immunity (WBC), and clotting (platelets) located in blood vessels, heart plasma is ECM
48
what is excitable tissue
nervous and muscular tissue has an electric charge that moves across the plasma membrane
49
nervous tissue
functions in communication located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
50
muscular tissue
3 types: skeletal cardiac smooth functions in movement in the body

Anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions