INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Question 1

what battle were the british defeated in by afghan tribes in 1880, and how to the british retaliate

Answer 1

1880
- battle at MAIWAND
- led by khan

british response
- september 1880 = roberts defeats khan’s forces

Question 2

why did russia attempt to expand down into afghanistan (4)

Answer 2

1. the russians were pioneers in exploration and knew the territory in russia well
   - thought the area around britain was weak
2. the raj was seen as brittle and weak - felt Russia would be able to provide a better, alternative government
3. imperial expansion
   - idea of advancing civilisation
   - expand markets and trade to raw material
   - neutralise the power of the british
4. russia was humiliated from its 4 previous defeats and needing to abandon territory
   - need to prove its imperial strength

Question 3

what was the name of the organisation of which after britain annexed burma, would redistribute burmese goods

Answer 3

prize committee, mandalay

Question 4

native experiences

Answer 4

• zulus
• afghanistan
• boers

hanja

Question 5

describe the second anglo-afghan war

Answer 5

1878
- it was a war to turn afghanistan into a satellite state against russian expansion
- chamberlain is sent to kabul to negotiate sovereignty with locals - has bad consequences + leads to second AA war
- the afghan leader ali attempts to flee to turkmenistan, before being rejected by russians (don’t want to antagonise british)
1879: british place cavignari as a resident leader in kabul, before he is killed
1879: general roberts enters kabul and demolishes buildings as revenge for killing cavignari
- in november 1879, the khyber pass is taken
- 1880 = afghans rise up under khan and defeat british at maiwand

Question 6

describe the berlin conference and what was agreed

Answer 6

1884-1885
- 14 european states were involved in attempting to carve out africa

*GENERAL ACT:
- claimed that both basins and mouths of the congo and niger rivers were to be neutral and open to trade
- all nations would be allowed to trade in the basin of the congo
- you must make it clear if you are asserting your influence over an area with the other key european powers
- it designated spheres of influence for different nations over africa
- free trade, suppress slave trade, protect indigenous peoples, protect religious undertakings and missionaries
- established ideas of effective occupation - assert yourself to other powers

Question 7

who was alexander burnes and describe his actions

Answer 7

• a member of the EIC and british spy who was sent by lord auckland into investigating an invasion into afghanistan
• he launches this mission in 1838
• he ultimately fails, because his mission triggers russian spies to enter afghanistan which antagonises the situation
• this ends up causing foreign interference and accelerating tensions
• afghans mobilise against burnes and his mission, of which this unity against britain was underestimated - they proceed to attack him
• he was killed by afghan troops and the british retreat

Question 8

fashoda incident

Answer 8

1898
- incident between britain and france over spheres of influence within sudan and having access to the white nile
- it is a conflict between marchands army and the british
- britain retains control over sudan, french are forced to accept this sphere of influence

Question 9

russian railway in 1880

Answer 9

caspian line
- finished in 1886
- it continued to snake out to bukhara by 1906 and tashkent
(1907 entente)
- also trans-siberian railway

Question 10

when was the first opium war

Answer 10

1839-1842
- ended by the treaty of nanking in 1942 (china cedes HK)
- the british want to trade, but the chinese don’t (bc opium is addictive) but the British force the chinese to open up trading ports

Question 11

what was effective occupation

Answer 11

• a european state which could demonstrate that it had a local treaty agreement and active administration to claim over territory would be deemed as the rightful ruler of this territory
• a european power could effectively occupy a nation and notify other powers

Question 12

why was there tension between britain and russia

Answer 12

1. collapse of the turkish empire, which would no longer act as a buffer zone to protect india
2. the british wanted a buffer zone in afghanistan, which russia interpreted as directly going against their power
3. both were vast imperial powers - completely unwilling to concede and be deemed as a subservient political power
   - threat of british invading russian areas
4. unpredictability - maskirovka gambit meant both powers would tease one another
5. reliance on violence
   - the russians used violence to drive the british out - this use of violence didn’t align w british values
   - the russians had no support, british had support from france + austria

Question 13

what do the actions of burnes display about british attitudes

Answer 13

• protective british attitudes
• fundamental importance attached to india - it was the core of political power and hotspot of empire
• displays the extent to which the british were willing to protect india
• idea of overarching paternalism - this need to protect

Question 14

describe the boxer rebellion

Answer 14

1899-1901
- it was an anti-christian and anti-european chinese movement
- the boxers were convinced that they were immune to foreign weapons, and so therefore launched violent attacks in beijing to remove foreign influence
- the 8 nation alliance joins together to storm the Dagu Fort
- cixi supported the boxers and issued an imperial decree which was a declaration of war on foreign powers
- the 8 nation alliance consisted of 20,000 troops and marched into beijing to relieve a 55 day siege of christians in diplomatic compounds
- this led to an extremely violent movement and rebuttal by boxers, and more violence used by the british to suppress them
- the chinese imperial court flee the city with foreign troops being allowed to be stationed in beijing
- the boxer protocol was signed

*china is never part of the british empire
*same time as SBW (british just want to end the conflict)

Question 15

who was henry morton stanley

Answer 15

• an explorer and missionary
• he established close ties with leopold, signing 450 treaties to assert control over the congo in 1885 for belgium

Question 16

russian actions which antagonised british

Answer 16

• 1865-1885 - russia conducts local mini wars in central asia - closer to india
• 1878 - the russian’s announce intentions to create a sphere of influence in afghanistan (fear for british who worry they enter india)
• 1882 = khan’s army would wear russian uniforms, because they were commanded by russian officers
• 1884 - merv proposes invading india, he is brought back to russia
• 1884 = russian commander merv brings russian forces within 600 miles of india (2 years post egypt)
• 1885 = russian forces take pandjeh (a fort near turkmenistan / afghanistan - move closer into afghanistan)
• russia constructs a railway all through central asia

Question 17

what was the great game

Answer 17

• a period from 1813-1907
• it was a period of hostile relations between britain and russia over territory in afghanistan and asia
• it was a proxy war with no actual direct confrontation between britain and russia

Question 18

when do the british leave tibet

Answer 18

1908

Question 19

when do the british enter an alliance with japan

Answer 19

1902
- this is to form a railway and combat russian expansion into manchuria
- britain and japan would assist one another if they were both invaded (britain now has a concrete support system within asia) - britain is dependent on japanese systems of support
- the japanese then kick the russians out of port arthur in 1904

Question 20

what was the treaty of Lhasa

Answer 20

1904
- tibetans were forced to pay an indemnity to the british for their military operations
- were forced to recognise british suzerainty in the area
- british diplomatic and commercial interests were to be served in tibet

Question 21

describe british actions in tibet

Answer 21

• relations between the british and those in tibet was relatively strained (no relations with the dalai lama)
• curzon orders younghusband and 2000 troops in a diplomatic expedition into tibet in 1903 to offset russian influence and potential invasions
• curzon orders the mass killing of monks to prevent russian entry into tibet in Tashi Lhunpo Monastary
• the motivation was for tibet to act as a buffer zone for the raj
• in 1904, Lhasa was reached, despite the British encountering resistance from local Tibetans
• this caused the tibetans to have a negative view of empire

Question 22

public reaction and attitudes to involvement in the great game

Answer 22

• disraeli (1874-1880) was fearful of cost and foreign hostilities, but takes an expansionist approach anyways
• gladstone used this as an opportunity to enforce the invasion of free people - un-necessary expansion (midlothian campaign)
• newspapers supported these more liberal interpretations of empire

Question 23

why and how did the idea of masterly inactivity break down

Answer 23

• russia was involved in supporting balkan nationalists to reject the ottomans
• the british viewed this as an attempt to take over europe and move progressively into asia
• russians got angry at british determination to stop them being ‘liberating’
• because of turkish defeat, it was felt that military enforcement was needed to protect empire and prevent suppression
• the only way now to protect afghanistan was through force

Question 24

what was the boxer protocol document

Answer 24

a 1901 declaration to solve the boxer rebellion - was effectively a treaty
- it required the execution of government officials who supported the boxers
- foreign troops remained in beijing
- 450 million taels of silver were to be paid to the 8 nations

Question 25

HOW do tensions between britain and russia increase

Answer 25

1. russian expansion - russia builds alliances with persia and begins to take small territory in northern afghanistan - russia enters turkmenistan and is only 600 miles from russia - propaganda presented britain as subordinate 2. espionage - both the russians and british have military intelligence (ie maclean) - 25,000 troops entered herat - direct threat and british advance into kandahar (idea of paranoia) - found out russians had 11,000 infantry 3. constant small territorial gain - both countries kept taking small areas to prove military capability - threat of war when russians expand a railway into kushk in 1900 4. afghan rejection - neither russia or britain could actually do anything

Question 26

describe british actions in burma

Answer 26

1886 - diplomats in burma were forming relations with Jules Ferry, of which this 'political alliance' made the british uncomfordable - in 1881, there was a border crisis, in which the british appoint a commission to mark out the border, with the british forcing burmese to stand down - Hass (a french diplomat) was appointed in 1885 to establish relations in Burma, which angered the British, forcing him to stand down - the Burmese introduced a fine on a Bombay trading corporation for employee working conditions, forcing the company to be fined, which angered the British - the british attempted to impose an arbitrator, which the burmese refused, which advocated for a british resident, and burma submitting foreign policy power - burma was later annexed by the british in 1886, with material goods being shipped back to britain - the british effectively establish diplomatic control in burma, and begin to reside here (the burmese nobility collapsed) - rangoon is incorporated into india (easier administrative control)

Question 27

attitudes of people in afghanistan to the british

Answer 27

- felt that the british were forcefully intervening with their culture - rumours about british treatment toward afghan women - shah shujah leads a movement against british - viewed the british as materialistic and transactional - the british were only present there not because of genuine interest, but because of a desire to assert their power

Question 28

describe the brussels conference, who were the key figures and what did it discover

Answer 28

1876 - leopold of belgium hosts a conference to find ways for belgian expansion into africa, and how to protect their interests in the congo - despite the surface level interpretation of this event being to bring civilisation, it triggered expansionist competition discovery: - africa was uncivilised and 'barbaric', therefore european intervention was necessary to develop the congo (economically and politically) - africa needed vast infrastructural development - europe would assist w this key figures: - henry morton stanley (missionary)

Question 29

russian actions which antagonised british during the SBW

Answer 29

1900 - russia moves 300,000 troops into territories near afghanistan *britain could not combat this given their committments in SA 1898 (just before SBW) - russians enter port arthur

Question 30

what was the 8 nation alliance

Answer 30

an alliance between america, austro-hungarian, british, french, german, italian, japanese and russian troops in the boxer rebellion

Question 31

when do britain take egypt

Answer 31

1882 - just after the anglo-afghan war - expansionist conservative policies - good link to wanting easy access into india, because the british are so paranoid about russian expansion

Question 32

actions of charles maclean during the great game

Answer 32

- he would recruit persians and afghans to inform him of political developments from the russians - he would report back to britain about the 11,000 russian forces within central asia

Question 33

when was the anglo-russian entente signed

Answer 33

1907 - eventually forms the triple entente by 1911 - signifies co-operation and the end of this proxy war - recognised afghanistan as a british sphere of influence

Question 34

key stats about the boxer rebellion (2)

Answer 34

- 100,000 boxers took part in this event - 100,000 people (foreigners and boxers died)

Question 35

british expansion in south east asia

Answer 35

malaya = 1874 sarawak / north borneo = 1881 brunei = 1885 burma = 1885

Question 36

what key events to talk about international hostilities

Answer 36

- fashoda 1898 - berlin conference - brussels conference - egypt expansion (2 years previously, the british fail at maiwan) - great game

Question 37

details of the second opium war and outcomes

Answer 37

1856-1860 - opium was pivotal in maintaining trade between india and britain - opium was produced in india, before being imported into china for tea - this tea was then brought back to britain - britain wanted an 'open door' policy to also economically benefit india - the british also burn down the summer palace (displays reckless british attitudes in areas they do not even have control over) outcomes: - french and british convince chinese to open 5 more trading ports - secure economic interests (need an excuse to maintain links with india) - 1858 treaty of tientsin - british now have access to asian trading ports and are co-operating with other european powers - opium trade was also legalised in china - by 1900, britain had access to 2/3 of china's trade - france is given easier access into indochina - britain gain a naval base in china - use force to enforce british terms *displays the british being motivated by economics

Question 38

changes in territory occupied by european powers in africa

Answer 38

1884 = 80% of africa is under local control 1900 = 90% under european control

Question 39

when do the british enter the hunza valley

Answer 39

1889-1892

Question 40

what was the idea of masterly inactivity and when did it end

Answer 40

- it would be foolish for the british to invade afghanistan and expect to retain control of india - therefore do nothing in afghanistan to maintain control over india - stated by viceroy john lawrence - invasion would also increase vulnerability - consciously not doing anything to not antagonise russia *ended by 1878 bc russians were supporting balkans against the british

Question 41

when does curzon: 1. form the north-west frontier province 2. order younghusband to invade tibet

Answer 41

1. 1901 2. 1903-1904 *active policy against russians - buffer

Question 42

when was the first anglo-afghan war and the 2nd anglo-afghan war

Answer 42

1st = 1838-1842 - defeat for british forces 2nd = 1878-1880

Question 43

consequences of the berlin conference

Answer 43

- formation of the INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN ASSOCIATION 1879 to co-ordinate european efforts - increasing expansion efforts by other european powers (ie france enter west sudan from senegal) (resulted in pressure for berlin conference) - there was no african and native representation, so there was no consent to increasing european involvement and imperialism (mapped out borders with little concern for religious needs etc)

Question 44

when does russia enter kabul

Answer 44

1878 - after brussels conference (brussels = 1876) **britain tries to renegotiate afghans and their sovereignty and fails

Question 45

describe burmese resistance against the british and british responses to this

Answer 45

in 1886, burmese gangs oppose the presence of the british and organise countryside resistance movements - they felt buddhism and traditional culture was being undermined - dufferin (viceroy) launches a campaign of violent suppression and rebels were executed - 40,000 british and indian soliders were brought in to fight the campaign - the british successfully fight this challenge to power and secure burma (don't leave until 1948)

Question 46

entente cordiale

Answer 46

1904 - friendly alliance with france and recognition of french in morocco - this increased hostilities with germany + naval tensions

Question 47

international agreements made in the late 1800s

Answer 47

- germany w austria-hungary in 1870 - italy joins this in 1882 - france and russia in 1892 and 1894 make formal treaties

Question 48

feb 1900 russian troops in afghanistan

Answer 48

300,000 russian troops to afghanistan (during SBW) *there were less than 100,000 troops bordering india at the time

Question 49

relations between boers and germans

Answer 49

- kaiser telegram to kruger after the success of the jameson raid in 1896 - kaiser supplied the boers w arms during the SBW - germans create a railway from constantinople to baghdad which goes against the british

Question 50

moroccan crisis

Answer 50

1905-1911 - in 1906 there was a conference when the british supported the french - there were russian and french hostilities, in which russian agression and french military presences caused the british to condemn russian actions

Question 51

1909 imperial conference

Answer 51

- created a dominion fleet - britain was forced to accept that it could no longer afford to maintain a 2 power standard - led to the 1911 imperial conference for closer ties between britain and dominions, with dominions being dependent on britain for protection (SA agrees to commit 40,000 men)

Question 52

british military changes from 1912

Answer 52

- britain could not rely on france and was more so focusing on the protection of britain from foreign powers - naval agreements with germany were failing and so britain focus on domestic protection - britain took a domestic approach, in terms of focusing more heavily on european powers, and the strain empire was placing on it forced it to pivot to focus on the domestic situation - pivot back to this idea of splendid isolation