NATIONALISM IN THE IW YEARS

Question 1

give 3 examples of african nationalist strikes against the british from the IW period

Answer 1

1. south african industrial and commercial workers union = strikes in 1919 and 1920
2. 1935 = strikes on Rhodesian Copper mines
3. 1921 = rail strikes in nigeria

Question 2

what was the 1931 national pact in egypt

Answer 2

• a pact signed in egypt by Mahmud Pasha to unite against Sidqi Pasha and his creation of a People’s Party in 1930

Question 3

what 3 ‘colonies’ did britain lose after WWI, before WWII

Answer 3

1. egypt - 1922 = anglo-egyptian treaty
2. ireland = 1921 = anglo-irish treaty
3. iraq = 1932 = independence under king faisal (gov maintained close ties with britain)

Question 4

describe the key events of political nationalism in egypt

Answer 4

1. the killing of Sir Lee Stack (commander of egyptian army) by an egyptian nationalist - britain leaves sudan
2. anglo-egyptian treaty of 1922
3. 1936 treaty of alliance to prevent axis influence

Question 5

is african nationalism in the interwar period a large threat

Answer 5

yes:
- african nationalism was amplified globally
- it was stategically smart because it built on indian nationalism
- there is rising sentiment and mass opinion
- very united groups
- africa was too economically valuable for britain to let go of (britain appease them)
- they recognised british weaknesses from the second boer war, and therefore knew their own power over the british (ie nippon spllied 93% of east african cotton cloth)

no:
- there was minimal african involvement in running the country - no opportunity to make pivotal change
- lack of local african access to material published in britain (ie kenyatta articles)
- there were divisions between african tribes
- limited literacy rates in these regions (focused on a loyal elite)
- the british would blame nationalism on the influence of soviets - it would not undermine imperialism / be legitimate
- nationalists were outnumbered on any legislative council

Question 6

what were the british concerns in palestine

Answer 6

1. strategic concerns
   - fear that losing palestine to nationalists and foreign interference would undermine control in suez
2. religious concerns
   - extensive hostilities between arabs and jews
   - fear of arab alliance with axis powers
   - religious polarization - appeasement was difficult
   - reaching a peace agreement would always require violence and a sacrafice
   - british could not alienate anyone
3. reputational concerns
   - hostilities were entrenched in palestine, but this would undermine british influence and their ability to exert control (globally weak)
   - 1938/1939 - italy and germany release propaganda of palestine, damaging the british image and image the british themselves portrayed of having control
   - fear of axis power intervention
   - fear of distrust of arabs toward the british

Question 7

describe the work of thuku

Answer 7

• formed the young kikuyu organisation in 1920
• 1921 = thuku founded the east african association
• kenyatta joined in 1922
• together, they advocated for african rights and adequate representation

Question 8

what event occured in 1935 in abyssinia, and what impact did italy have on egyptian nationalism

Answer 8

1935 = italy invaded abyssinia to expand its empire

IMPACT:
by 1933, there were 60,000 italians in egypt, with many in northern africa in order to expand their imperial presence
- ideas of facism would spread
- egyptian nationalists sympathise with italians which undermines british trusteeship
- italians also influence kikuyu central association + india

Question 9

give the names of 2 jewish nationalist organisations formed during the IW years and their dates

Answer 9

1. the haganah = formed in 1920 (became the national army of israel later)
2. stern gang - founded in 1940 by stern

Question 10

describe the 1945 manchester conference

Answer 10

• was led by nkrumah and kenyatta
• pan-african congress
• it called for the emancipation of black africa from colonialism and communist forces attempting to fight over it
• it wanted an autonomous and independent africa which was free from white minority rule

Question 11

what do the british, NZ and SA troops do in 1942 in egypt

Answer 11

• they overthrow the egyptian king (who was an axis supporter) and occupy the palace
• enforces there is still a strong british interest in maintaining power and control (given suez etc)

Question 12

what is the name of the main nationalist party in egypt during the IW years

Answer 12

zaghloul and the wafd
- nationalist party who are elected into government and who become VP and members of the opposition
- given significant political platforms to amplify nationalism
- they are ANTI-AXIS power

Question 13

give the 5 main african nationalist groups, movements or organisations

Answer 13

1. 1925 = west african students union, opens in camden in 1933 (azikewe + nkrumah)
2. 1921 + 1946 = East African Association, reformed to the Kenyan African Union (KENYATTA!)
3. 1919 = national congress of west africa founded in ACCRA (was more elite in terms of who was leading it)
4. 1927 = the international congress against colonial oppression and imperialism is founded
5. 1920 young kikuyu association by thuku - his arrest caused the police to shoot 25 people
6. 1934 - nigerian youth movement
7. du bois = 1919 pan african conferences - mirror 1945 conference

Question 14

which british colonies in africa had legislative councils before 1914

Answer 14

nigeria, sierra leone, the gold coast

Question 15

describe the 1921 anglo-irish treaty

Answer 15

• came after the 1920 government of ireland act
• promises self government to Ireland and rename Ireland the Irish Free State
• gave the ability of northern irish states to return to the UK
• british military forces would withdraw from ireland
• southern Irish activists refuse to swear an oath of allegiance to the British Crown (bc king was head of state)
• de valera refuses the treaty
• a civil war then starts (ends in 1923)

*this is A YEAR AFTER 1919 GOV OF INDIA

1920 act:
- separate parliament of northern and southern ireland

Question 16

give 2 examples of articles written by kenyatta going against the british

Answer 16

1. 1933 = article in the labour monthly demanding representation
2. 1934 = article in manchester guardian demanding political representation too

Question 17

describe the irish home rule bill in ireland

Answer 17

• a home rule bill had been passed in 1913, but was being threatened because of religious divides
• 1914 = home rule in ireland was suspended after mutinies in curragh
• the home rule bill had been attempted by gladstone in the 1880s and failed
• the bill took 3 attempts to pass

Question 18

when is ireland declared a republic

Answer 18

• 1937 by de valera declares a republic
  (poses britain as internationally weak pre-WWII)
• he refuses to join the 1937 imperial war conference
• 1948 = republic of ireland act = separated from britain

Question 19

describe the white paper in palestine in 1939

Answer 19

1939 white paper
- declared britain would keep a mandate in palestine for 5 years
- britain called for a palestinian state and jews could enjoy a national homeland
- jewish immigration was capped at 25,000 a year
- jews could not purchase land
- palestine was prepared to become an independent and self governing state in 10 years

*was lenient to arabs, harsh on jews - wanted an arab majority state
THIS WAS BECAUSE:
- jews were very anti axis, but arabs were not so much, so arabs would be easier to convert to axis, so british appease to maintain control
- so willing to appease to prevent a spread of arab nationalism

REALPOLITIK

Question 20

give a key example of the british imposing strict control on arab nationalists after the 1936 uprising

Answer 20

• from aug - oct 1938 - 30 death sentences given, 2000 houses were destroyed
• from 1939-1939, 100 arab terrorists were hung

Question 21

list the key nationalist events in india in the IW years (ie 1919-1939)

Answer 21

• amritsar massacre
• protests at simon’s commission “simon go back”
• quit india movement 1942
• direct action day 1946
• 1924 all indian spinners association
• membership of political leagues
• mutiny at bombay naval yard 1946
• salt march 1931
• 1922-1923 - civil disobedience movement
• chauri chaura massacre 1922
• purna swaraj declaration

Question 22

motivations for introducing the 1917 balfour declaration

Answer 22

wartime advantage
- if the british appease jews, they have access to increasing warpower + support
- this jewish support in the war would incline america to join the war

economic points
- the british will have access to economic support and funds
- may ease the burden of war

political points
- jewish leaders will promote the british war effort
- undermine german power and prevent germany from associating with the jewish people - feel this agreement will advance imperial status (will disrupt a british sphere of influence)
- british want to prove how politically powerful they are, to the point that they could dictate land use

Question 23

cairo conference and describe its big outcome

Answer 23

1921
- british meeting which allows for some self government within iraq
- led to the 1922 anglo-iraqi treaty - faisal I became a leader of the iraqi dynasty to balance relations with britain and allow for a british military presence in the area

Question 24

how did iraq come under british control

Answer 24

• iraq was gained by mandate after WWI with the fall of the ottoman empire in 1920
• nuri es-said forms a pro-british government after nationalist protest

Question 25

key nationalist groups in palestine during the IW period

Answer 25

1. **haj amin al-hussaini** - convinced neighbouring arab states to place pressure on britain 2. rashid ali - PM in palestine who got into power through backing of the army

Question 26

describe american oil interests in iraq

Answer 26

1919 = america has 7.5 million barrels of oil 1934 = america has 57 million barrels - iraq is producing 4/5ths of oil

Question 27

give 4 key stats about jewish immigration into palestine

Answer 27

1. from 1933-1939, 215,000 jews enter palestine 2. in 1933, there were 800,000 arabs in palestine, and 200,000 jews 3. 150,000 jews leave germany during the nazi regime 4. by 1925, over 34,000 jews a year were emigrating (mainly into palestine)

Question 28

describe the revolt in palestine in 1936

Answer 28

april 1936 = arab revolt - arabs revolt against the british and campaign for independence - arabs begin to attack jews - in september 1936, the british draft 9000 troops into palestine the british rely on harsh measures to impose order: 1. general wauchope uses martial law + bombs villages 2. the british expand the death penalty to rebels - the british lose control of key regions (ie Jerusalem) to rebels *critical event in displaying a lack of british control

Question 29

what is: a) the balfour declaration b) the balfour definition

Answer 29

a) balfour declaration 1917 = balfour takes a pro-zionist approach and allows jewish immigrants into palestine - appeasement for return for wartime support - it is mainly to have jewish support in the war effort - this lacked consent from palestine b) balfour definition 1927 = defines dominion status between the british and its colonies from an imperial conference

Question 30

describe the 1920 iraqi revolt

Answer 30

- the british tried to impose king faisal I as leader, with iraqi's revolting against this because he was a 'foreign puppet', removing their degree of 'independence' after the ottomans left - Sunni and Shia arabs form a coalition against the British - the british use violence to retailiate (with indian soliders), which triggered national consciousness and an iraqi identity, thereby accelerating demands for independence - kurds (north iraq) also demand for independence - british use airpower to bomb iraqi villages because it is cheap and would suppress concentrated rebellion - solomon refuses to disclose and take accountability for their actions in iraq - erodes the british mandate

Question 31

what was the 1936 treaty between britain and egypt

Answer 31

- anti-axis nationalist party (wafd) want a british presence in government - this is out of fear about italians entering egypt - want to assert british presence - britain still retained control over suez

Question 32

describe the treatment of jews after WWI

Answer 32

- extensive antisemitism toward jews after the war in russian programmes - this forced mass migration programmes of jews - jews were classified as 'aliens' and in order to compensate for this, the balfour declaration was released

Question 33

describe tensions between jewish and arab peoples during the interwar years

Answer 33

- jews enter palestine through the british without consent under the balfour declaration - palestinian arabs were poorer farmers who would rent land, but wealthier jewish settlers would buy land and not employ palestinians - palestinian's were evicted from their farms - they establish large areas of land for settlements, which are excluded, and only employ from a certain religion which amplifies racial hostilities - there are large divides between jews and palestinians over religion and feeling that a national identity was being threatened - arabs then thought that the british aligned with zionists

Question 34

impact of irish nationalism on IW nationalism more broadly

Answer 34

- amplifies and encourages the use of violence to assert themselves - displayed how violence was bringing tangible concessions of power - encouraged other nationalist movements to be more united - there was also international support for the irish nationalists (global galvanisation against imperial cause) - displayed how empire is weakening / cannot always maintain control - if britain lost their 1st and longest colony, and a geographically close colony, they could lose anything - there is a large irish diaspora in other colonies (ie aus) - ireland was a white colony, and a civilising mission couldn't be controlled (british methods don't work)

Question 35

how does nationalism change over time in egypt

Answer 35

- initially, the british concede in order to appease nationalist parties and political platforms, but want to keep material interests - britain was always being forced to react to situations - by 1939, nationalism is slowing down and is less of a concern, given the british and nationalists are uniting against axis powers

Question 36

what were the aims of nationalist movements in the IW years

Question 37

when did the british exile zaghul and what was the consequence of this

Answer 37

1919 - caused widespread civil disobedience and rioting - the british were inhibiting rights to political association - caused demonstrations, in which british military bases were attacked - 800 egyptians were killed - 1600 people were injured

Question 38

british government attitudes to jews

Answer 38

- sympathetic and wanted to help their cause - wanted to make settlement as easy as possible, and therefore curbed calls in 1929 and 1931 for restrictions on land aquisition by jewish peoples of palestinian land - british government wanted to co-operate with the USA, and were therefore not willing to oppose jewish settlement

Question 39

describe the easter uprisings + its impact (inc political reaction)

Answer 39

1916 - it was an anti-imperialist, republican demonstration - 1600 republican supporters declare a provisional government to be independent of britain impact: - 3500 people were arrested - 15 executed - angers irish immensely - 80 sentenced to death - 300 people killed political reaction: - 1918 = sinn fein win 73 election seats and establish their own assembly - win a majority - they declared the IRA to be involved in a guerilla war against the british

Question 40

what treaty was signed in 1930 between iraqis and the british and describe it

Answer 40

1930 anglo-iraqi treaty - iraq shifts from a mandate to being more independent - british and iraqis would need to work together on foreign policy - however, britain reserve their oil presence in iraq - british intervention in iraq has support from palestinian forces - 3000 iraqi officers killed

Question 41

1915 macmahon letter to mecca

Answer 41

- britain promises to protect holy places in mecca against foreign aggression - british binding themselves to this region?? - promise arab regions that they can have british advice and wartime support (indirect expansion - before formal gain of territory) - macmahon is maintaining alliances with critical middle-eastern powers in order to ensure a preservation of civilising values and to safeguard economic interests - OIL!!

Question 42

describe the 1922 treaty between britain and egypt

Answer 42

feb 1922 = anglo-egyptian treaty signed - effectively gives egypt independence to appease exerted nationalism - zaghloul + wafd enter opposition - britain keeps reserved powers in defence, minority protection, suez and communications (overarching priority)

Question 43

key british figures in palestine during nationalist period

Answer 43

1. general wauchope 2. anthony eden - foreign sec 3. macdonald - sec of state for colonies 4. douglas harris - special commissioner in palestine

Question 44

aggrey house

Answer 44

1934 - created so the british could monitor discussion - british discouraged political discussion - WASU discourage this

Question 45

what nationalist organisation was founded in 1933 in egypt

Answer 45

the young egypt organisation - it promoted violence and facism in nationalism - it openly supported the axis powers

Question 46

british attitudes to africans during the interwar period

Answer 46

- dismissive and inferior treatment - believe in this need to enforce a civilising mission - belief in ideas of supremacy - lack of respect for local customs and ideas - viewed africans as a morally deprived and repungant society - low regard - paternalistic attitude?? - feel the need to help - they call them 'animals' - the british feel that they have a moral high ground and justification for this treatment - believe that they are individual martyrs - notion of heroism and doing a 'duty' for society

Question 47

what commission entered palestine in 1937, and what did it do

Answer 47

1937 peel commission - it proposed a partition in palestine into jewish and arab areas and reduced the quota of jewish immigrants into palestine - opposed by arabs

Question 48

describe the incident at basara in iraq

Answer 48

1941 - the british feel that there is a threat from the germans in oilfields - the british send indian troops into Basra to protect their commercial interests

Question 49

what white paper was released in 1923

Answer 49

devonshire white paper 1923 - claims that kenya is not a minority white population, but is a majority kenyan population - claims it is african territory - appeasement toward kenyan peoples and degrades the british position

Question 50

when does rhodesia establish self government

Answer 50

1923 *INDPENDENCE ITSELF IS IN 1965

Question 51

when was the kenyan franchise expanded

Answer 51

- 1920 - degree of self gov - expanded the legislative council (lord delamere now included) - power is entrenched with europeans - 11 unofficial members chosen by the european community (loyalist, change to conserve, surface level change etc) - european settlers effectively push out more indian and kikuyu setttlers

Question 52

impact of WWI + WWII on nationalism

Answer 52

- both amplified colonial identity and this need to be rid of an overarching colonial oppressor - collapse of other empires (ie russian revolution and ottomans) triggers this need for liberation and national identity - colonies became inspired by one another

Question 53

key motivations for the british presence in palestine

Answer 53

1. strategic reasons - 'clapham junction' of the empire - buffer to egypt to defend suez (india) and was a link to iraq - easy access to iraq and egypt - allow for indian reinforcements to be easily sent - constant support / access - key geopolitical link 2. commercial interests - extensive oil presence - remove american commercial influences

Question 54

give the names of key african nationalists

Answer 54

- kenyatta - solanke - azikiwe - nkrumah - hastings banda - thuku

Question 55

describe the work of the IRA during the IW period

Answer 55

1920 - they shoot 12 british officers - they recruit 45,000 volunteers by 1920, despite negotiating with the british over creating a republic - they continuously used violence to assert themselves

Question 56

work of the west african student union

Answer 56

- formed in 1925 - it was a unity of different nationalist organisations (ie west african and west indian unions) - it provided a hostel for african students - it became a hub for anti-racist and thinkers who promoted decolonisation - opened up a new office in 1933 due to POPULARITY - 1930's = convinced labour MPs to advocate for west african interests in parliament - opposed the invasion of abyssinia in 1935 - later by 1942 demanded independence

Question 57

what are the british forced to recognise after irish nationalism

Answer 57

- reliance on violence would only amplify nationalist sentiment and reduce imperial sentiment - the british should only concede when necessary, they would be too weak otherwise - the british must be firm, not violent or they would lose control - britain would need to be more unified and less slow (don't want to repeat dyer's mistakes) - britain should not force nationalist decisions, they would only agitate nationalists more

Question 58

challenges to empire during WWII

Answer 58

africa: - NCNC founded 1944 - nyasaland african confress

Question 59

british policy to decolonisation

Answer 59

1. if the cost of controlling colony outweighed its value (ie india, burma, ceylon, palestine) = WITHDRAW 2. if the colony was economically beneficial for britain = stay + develop (ie malaya