POP CULTURE, ADMIN, FACTORS ETC 1945-1967

Question 1

andrew cohen

Answer 1

• claimed that africa would NOT be decolonised for another generation due to civilisation
  1947 = sec of state for africa in colonial office
• 1947 = cohen report
• 1953 = proposed the central african federation for admin (south, north rhodesia + nyasaland)
• 1952 = governor of uganda - promote african political engagement

*attitude of centralised british control and really trying to tighten british grip over east africa - use civilising as a justification
- sympathetic and supported the need for decolonisation

Question 2

popular culture that was supportive of empire (ie sport, media, literature, music)

Answer 2

1. last night of the proms music - edward elgar etc
2. 1954 = commonwealth games established + ghanaian and australian swimmers co-operate in 1958
3. zulu film - idea of heroism 1964
4. 1953 = coronation of queen elizabeth
5. over 81,000 people migrated to australia - 25% in touch with those in empire
6. coronation in 1953 of elizabeth II

Question 3

governing philosophy of arden clarke

Answer 3

• supported self rule by providing the institutions to promote it
• promoted co-operation among nationalists (unlike other administrators) - ie between nkrumah and ashanti peoples
• peace > political suppression

Question 4

gambian poultry scheme

Answer 4

• aimed to produce 20 million eggs from 1949 + 1 million pounds of dressed poultry
• planned to sell timber to obtain poultry feed and increase egg production
• aimed to improve gambia’s agriculture industry by growing local produce

key stats:
- before the war, britain required 80,000 tonnes of eggs a year
- over 1000 chicks were flown to gambia
- the scheme only produced 28,000 eggs and 34,000 pounds of meat

Question 5

legislation on immigration post WWII

Answer 5

1948 = british nationalities act
- allowed anyone within empire to become a british citizen (encourage immigration for ppl in empire to take lower order jobs / services + maintain close bonds of empire - but failed to control immigration)

1962 = commonwealth immigration act
- limited commonwealth immigration because the british didn’t NEED these workers anymore
- work permits were required for control
- effectively tried to limit immigration from colonies
- many migrants are fearful that they will lose status, so many migrants settle permanently
- british place a higher block on immigration to 13,000 a year
- over 70% of the british population support this

Question 6

KEY example of anti-immigrant rhetoric in politics / elections

Answer 6

1964
- in the smethwick seat, peter griffiths uss radical slurs
- also, smethwick is in birmingham (which is a key hotspot for immigrants)
- griffiths was also voted in - traction
- could talk about the white defence league

Question 7

KEY stat about trade between empire + commonwealth and empire and EEC

Answer 7

exports to commonwealth = 1400 million in 1969
exports to EEC = 2600 million in 1969

*empire was not sustaining economic growth

Question 8

last night at the proms

Answer 8

• is about nationalistic ritual, starting in 1951
• over 8,000 people in attendance
• 1960 = rule, brittania! and land of hope and glory were dropped from the programme under william glock (changing with public opinion)

Question 9

examples of political figures shifting their emphasis away from empire

Answer 9

• political parties heavily shifted their focus away from empire
• ie tories sustain 49% of vote share in 4 years and instead claim ‘you’ve never had it so good’
• 1959 = LABOUR TRY TO LAUNCH INVESTIGATION INTO MAU MAU (for election purpose) + FAIL + macmillan wins a landslide maj of 100 (no attention)
• 1964 - a conservative writes to times magazine and claims that empire was undefinable (during election year)

Question 10

imperial honours in british society

Answer 10

• mainly introduced in 1917 (for meritocracy + enthusiasm)
• expanded in post war period (ie knight, CBE etc)

Question 11

macpherson + governing philosophy

Answer 11

• proposed the macpherson constitution of 1951 in nigeria (185 seat house of reps)
• governor general of nigera in 1955
• proposed a more liberal state of decolonising in promoting african political participation
• believed in access points for locals in government
• believed in co-operation between federal gov + local gov

Question 12

empire windrush

Answer 12

1948
- a collection of over 800 passengers which came from jamaica to britain
- it was mainly to fill employment vacancies
- 11 MPs campaigned against this, but were ignored

Question 13

colonial development and welfare acts 1945, 1950 etc and 1952

Answer 13

• introduced $120 million to invest in empire in 10 years
• aimed to make colonies more profitable and fix problems from WWII
• maintain economics bonds of empire
• britain was relying on colonies to offset and rebuild its economic problems post-war
• expanding economic prospects into africa + make it able to supply british economic demands
• alleviate post-war difficulties

Question 14

nationalist figures / groups in asia:
- india
- malaya
- singapore
- burma
- palestine
- aden

Answer 14

india:
- nehru
- jinnah
- gandhi

malaya:
- bin ja’far

singapore:
- lee kwan yew
- lim yew hock

burma:
- aung san + AFPFL

palestine:
- haganah
- stern group

aden:
- FLOSY
- NLF

Question 15

1958 notting hill carnival riots + background

Answer 15

• a group of attacks by the teddy boy youth groups toward the local black community (hotspots)
• 35 arrested, but over 50% of these were black - police do not address root cause of problem - existing attitudes

Question 16

key evidence for empire being relevant to everyday life

Answer 16

1. ITV replaces a programme on ‘double your money’ and changes it to an hour long documentary on the 1960 sharpville massacre which killed 67
   - hastings banda was invited on TV
2. 1962 - a survey conducted in north london display that over 80% of the public thought that there were too many migrants in britain - gov respond to this w legislation in 1962
3. 1948 = 11 MPs advocate for the blocking of empire windrush coming in - acting in this way to represent

Question 17

arden clarke

Answer 17

1949 - becomes governor of the gold coast
1951 - advocates for nkrumah to be released in jail - appease to diffuse riots
1952 - nkrumah becomes PM + clarke works with him
1956 - planned to promote independence, but delays the timeline to prove that nkrumah had the national vote + to ensure adequate public support

Question 18

evidence of pro-immigrant british popular attitudes

Answer 18

1. moseley anti-immigrant political campaign in 1948 only receives 8% of vote (no traction)
2. 1964 = a race relations board is created to lower hostilities

Question 19

empire day abolished

Answer 19

1962
- no longer any relevance of empire day

Question 20

armitage (very brief)

Answer 20

• governor of cyprus until 1955
• attempted assassination in 1955 - asked for a state of emergency = refused
• felt the state of emergency in nyasaland was to exaggerative
• rejects reforms proposed by hastings banda for constitutional reform + african representation

Question 21

media + literature + music that was anti-empire

Answer 21

1. rule, brittania! is removed from last night at the proms in 1960 - erosion of patriotism, triumphant attitudes and jingoism
2. ‘if’ 1969 - anarchy + oppression
3. ‘till death do us part’ 1965 - about a typical, working class conservative
4. media coverage heavily scrutinised empire and had vast coverage of coups (ie cyprus, libya, sudan)
5. eagle magazine?? - promoted diversity and inclusivity in empire

*most literature mocks empire and reveals perceived questioning of empire / its intentions

Question 22

bullet point popular attitudes to empire

Answer 22

• humiliation
• embarrassment
• disgust (at no justification)
• feeling ashamed
• highly critical
• shame
• guilt
• remorseful
• condemnation
• felt that empire was an extension of capitalism which suppressed domestic interests and the working class
• no confidence in those who administer empire
• angry

Question 23

why did the gambian scheme fail

Answer 23

• no, the CDC planned to export the goods in feb, which missed the optimum price time
• there was a breakdown in leadership with the Colonial Development Committee
• attained major backlash from domestic farmers because it imposed key restrictions
• there was a breakdown in communication between the two committees leading the initiative
• it was too expensive - chicken feed had to be imported and it would cost almost $14,000

Question 24

1947 report by cohen

Answer 24

cohen report
- proposed the idea of gradual change within africa so these territories could emerge as independent

Question 25

1965 race relations act

Answer 25

- banned discrimination in public places on the grounds of colour, race etc - created the race relations board in 1965 which reported hearings (but dismissed over 700 due to no evidence)

Question 26

number of people that left britain for dominions

Answer 26

1 million from 1946-1957 - mass exit from britain post 1945, mass influx into britain post 1960

Question 27

1968 speech

Answer 27

- enoch powell rivers of blood speech - obtains massive political traction (a reflection of current political attitudes) - this received mixed public attitudes

Question 28

describe cohen's governance in uganda / relations w kabaka

Answer 28

- proposes a federation of east africa - kabaka (nationalist) demands separation from uganda - cohen DEPORTS kabaka - this triggers immense nationalism + cohen declares state of emergency - kabaka is restored as leader

Question 29

winds of change speech

Answer 29

1960 by macmillan in south africa - british realisation that empire could not be sustained due to national consciousness - 'white' and 'elite' rule was no longer legitimate - britain claimed it wanted to maintain diplomatic ties w colonies - the way todo this is through decolonization - change to conserve - collaboration w nationalist movement - displays british desire to decolonise to collaborate w ex-empire to prevent a drift to communism - recognition that empire was tarnished by media + mau mau - need to solve this

Question 30

how was empire irrelevant to everyday life from 1945-1967

Answer 30

1. it was economically irrelevant to individual lives - economic wealth + employment was brought by commonwealth + europe - no jobs brought by decol 2. lack of engagement in empire 3. britain was no longer fussed with maintaining prestige / any traditionalist associations of empire - ie in 1960, gambling was legalised 4. migration?? - mosely point? - immigrants were typically concentrated in hotspot areas + never came into contact with others - relatively isolated / not pivotal to everyday life 5. general public impact - 1960 = national service ended - no personal experience of empire

Question 31

colonies decolonised post winds of change speech

Answer 31

1961 = sierra leone tanganyika = 1961 nigeria = 1960 cyprus = 1960

Question 32

evidence of anti-immigrant popular attitudes

Answer 32

1. 1960 = the birmingham immigration control association is created - was a right wing facist group which claimed that immigration was diluting national identity + sovereignty 2. the moseley 1948 campaign only recieves 8% of the vote, but in a dominant 2 party system that is substantial 3. 1958 notting hill riots 4. 1962 commonwealth immigration act (50% of people had aversions to being neighbours with immigrants) 5. teddy boys group is established - carries out violence against local immigrants 6. anti-immigrant protests (enoch is right sign)

Question 33

evidence (in terms of media) of public support for immigrants

Answer 33

- creation of TV dramas (ie Z cars) which supported immigrants

Question 34

key films + literature from the post war period

Answer 34

1962 = lawrence of arabia - questioning moral values of empire 1959 = north west frontier 1959 = lord of the flies is published - idea of a failed civilising mission + primitive savagery 1969 = 'if' - about the oppressive nature of empire / its tyranny 1959 = sergeant musgraves dance 1959 - claimed empire was leading to chaos 1961 = 'that was the week that was' - magazine about exploitation in empire

Question 35

royal tour 1961

Answer 35

- queen elizabeth tours africa - famous picture of her dancing with nkrumah - displays co-operation + 'one among equals' idea *was a diplomatic visit to re-establish political relations to keep ghana in a constitutional monarchy to prevent it from drifting to the communists - weary of communism / cold war in decolonisation

Question 36

motivations behind the introduction of the colonial development + welfare acts

Answer 36

1. attempt to rebuilt a wartime economy 2. strengthen bonds of empire + prove to colonies that britain was still strong enough to provide for them 3. invest in economic development of africa, given india was lost (boost) *these acts fail and britain turns to the EEC to compensate bc they had necessary goods

Question 37

key migration statistic

Answer 37

immigration of empire decreases from 136,000 in 1961 to 34,000 by 1963, but increased from 3000 in 1953 to 130,000 in 1961

Question 38

british economic impact post WWII

Answer 38

1. rationing - sugar, potatoes = not ended until 1953 (lack security) - introduced in 1947-1946 - are the british really going to commit to sustaining an empire, when basic and fundamental domestic demands cannot be met? 2. trade - trying to trade w europe - war focused and war conc economy - 54% merchant fleed = laid off 3. economic crisis - 1947 + 1966 stirling crisis - austerity measures - in debt to inda (1.3 billion) - 1/3 overseas assets sold

Question 39

key stats about immigration

Answer 39

- 25,000 immigrants settled in birmingham - 25,000 immigrants come from west africa - 55,000 immigrants come from india and pakistan

Question 40

commonwealth conferences

Answer 40

started from 1944 - aimed to maintain bonds of empire OR commonwealth by discussing foreign policy etc - ie in 1957, they revolved around emphasising economic development + co-operation

Question 41

tanganyika groundnut scheme

Answer 41

- introduced in 1947 - wasted / cost over $47 million - aimed to farm 3 million acres of land for nut growth - in 2 years, only 46,000 acres were farmed at a cost of 21 million - it was supposed to farm 600,000 acres at 6 million - british stopped it in 1951

Question 42

nationalist figures / groups in africa: - nigeria - sierra leone - uganda - kenya - nyasaland - north + south rhodesia - gold coast

Answer 42

nigeria: - azikewe uganda: - kabaka kenya: - kenyatta nyasaland: - hastings banda north rhodesia: - kaunda south rhodesia: - ian smith - rhodesian front party gold coast: - nkrumah

Question 43

evidence for migrants having a large impact on british society from 1945

Answer 43

- empire windrush 1948 - was filling up vacancies in the economy and helping to stimulate it again - by 1956, over 4000 new workers from barbados are working in the london transport service - 1964 = notting hill carnival is officially established, but there are unofficial riots in 1958

Question 44

tse tse fly scheme

Answer 44

- aimed to eradicate tse tse flies in bechuanaland because they were impacting livestock - prevalent in bechuanaland

Question 45

malta harbour scheme

Answer 45

- introduction of a new dredger into the harbour to clear the harbours and remove slit and mud - this would allow shipping in deeper areas and more accessibility - it was the most extensive dredging scheme since 1939 key stats: - cost around 80,000 pounds - over 300 tonnes did it succeed? - yes, it created much deeper shipping areas and introduced tangible changes (trade access)