KEY INDIVIDUALS IN EMPIRE Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
political positions of joseph chamberlain
A
- colonial secretary from 1895-1903
- was in a conservative led government (would promote ideas of expansion) - attempted to run for PM in 1903 and later in 1906 but failed (preferred by balfour)
2
Q
nature of the actions of colonial administrators
A
- often tempted by opportunities to quickly acquire land and influence
- more independent in the nature of decision making
- extensive discretion
- start out as explorers or traders and end up in positions of power
3
Q
when was the royal niger company founded, and when did goldie become knighted
A
- RNC founded in 1886 (after britain was given niger as a sphere of influence under the berlin conference)
- goldie knighted = 1887
*some motivation to be remembered as someone who drove civilisation and commerce, not just who held a monopoly
4
Q
granville doctrine
A
- notion passed by baring that would allow him to dismiss egyptian ministers who refused to accept british directives
- adopted post 1882 dufferin report
5
Q
what was the south african conference
A
a conference in 1882
- it was to promote the consolidation of british rule in south africa
(but, this is not as important, focus more on the berlin conference of 1884-1885)
6
Q
mindset of curzon
A
- imperialism was a moral duty for the benefit of the people around you and he felt it would advance society
- believed that britain needed todo whatever was possible to restore the raj and maintain it for as long as possible
- felt indians must be in subervient positions bc he was worried how they would disrupt british power
7
Q
positions of milner
A
- high commissioner of SA from 1897
- administrator in egypt from 1889-1892
- created ‘milner schools’ in southern africa
- was governor of the cape
8
Q
describe the work of george goldie
A
1875 = his family buys a palm oil business in the niger river basin
1876 = he formed the central african trading company to bring economic benefits
- he then formed the united african company and controls 30 trading posts in 1879 (monopoly over palm oil)
- he signed 450 treaties with local chiefs to have full control over palm oil businesses, as these chiefs had to trade only with the united african company, and in return the company would buy and consume ivory
- he promised tribal chiefs increasing protection, weapons and subsidies to compensate for goldie’s actions over their territory
- in 1893, goldie purchases all the assets of the african association
9
Q
motivations for goldie in west africa
A
- imperial rivalry
- wanted to remove french influence and competition over palm oil trade in niger
- knew the only opportunity to form the royal niger company was at berlin with all other major powers
- he used taxation to limit a french desire to expand
- also wanted to remove the presence of liverpool merchants - economics
- recognition of extensive palm oil production - a monopoly would give him more economic authority
10
Q
what was the attraction of europeans to africa
A
- idea of popular romanticism
- access to extensive resources and became a key path for commerce
- recognition that they had opportunities to be powerful and influential
- desire to civilise and impose christianity, remove the negative associations of africa with things like rape and assault of women
- felt the need to correct this idea of a ‘noble savage’
- want to remove the influence of the arab slave trade
11
Q
importance of missionaries and explorers in africa (livingstone, speke, burton, kirk)
A
- romanticisation of africa
- reinforcement of finding rich resources and africa being an avenue for economic enrichment
- reinforced this idea of noble savagry and the necessity for britiain to be in the area to reduce dangerous african practices and impose christianity
- they helped to open up territories to the british (ie zanzibar) and discover the most fulfilling areas for imperial advancement
- consolidated and claimed key territory, which was unlikely to be disputed, and giving britain leverage later
12
Q
actions of joseph chamberlain
A
- opposed irish home rule w gladstone (despite being liberal)
- commissioned lugard to create the WAFF (defence of colonies - avoid threats from french)
- initiated the uganda railway construction of 1896
- condemned the conquest and annexation of ashantiland into gold coast (no needless expansion)
- supported territories being included in the RNC
- was involved in the 1896 jameson raid, but was later excused
- supported the SBW and supported colonial expansion / south africa becoming a colony
- proposed colonial conferences in 1887 + 1897 to promote an ‘insular empire’ of imperial defence + customs union
- 1906 = tried to run for PM - failed to convince public over ideas of imperial preference
13
Q
what did william mackinnon establish
A
1856 = founded the calcutta and burma steam navigation company, which was ultimately dominant in zanzibar, india and east africa
1888 = formed the imperial british east africa company
1891 = formed the east african scottish mission
- this undertook missions in kibweze and later into dagoretti
14
Q
evelyn baring actions / positions pre-1890
A
1877 - helped pasha out with local financing
1882 - became a consul of egypt (until 1907)
- approved the dufferin report to have a puppet parliament w no power and would entrench british supervision
- led over a veiled protectorate with indian administrators also leading over britain
- he installed the 1885 convention of london to secure international loans and entrench british rule
- he led indirectly through government advisers
15
Q
election in 1906
A
conservatives lose
- partially due to public outrage which found out about milner’s labour scandal
16
Q
when was goldie’s charter rejected
A
- rejected in 1881
- he reformed it in 1882, and got support from lib dems in government to sponsor (idea of upper classes benefitting because of access to gov links)
17
Q
actions of chamberlain in south africa / SBW
A
- asserted the need for military intervention to assert british power
- refused an international conference with kruger - pushing SA closer to germans
- constistently demand uitlander rights in 5 years, not 7 - impatience and refusal to compromise
- demanded that the boers must concede
- forced the cabinet between losing SA + war - binary approach - ultimately starts SBW without cabinet approval (ie no support from lansdowne)
- refusal to be patient - rest of the cabinet emphasised the need for patience to rebuild relations
- chamberlain ordered troops into natal
- attempt to repeal alien immigration law (political interference)
- chamberlain wanted to distract the jameson inquiry into him - so he pushed for urgency in SBW + negotiations to distract parliament (reputation focused)
- failed to think about alternate - thought SBW would be short to restore reputation
18
Q
describe the work of david livingstone
A
- resigned from london missionary society in 1857
- speech to cambridge university in 1857, claiming that he wanted to open up a path for christianity
- be became consul for the east coast of africa in 1858, exploring the zambezi
- livingstone raised 5000 pounds to lead a trading expedition into the zambezi - recognition of valuable trade routes in 1857
- livingstone condemns the massacre at nyangwe after the slaughter of many arabs (need to stop slavery + promote christianity) in 1871
- establishes the Universities Mission to Central Africa in 1857
- he encountered henry stanley in 1871, presenting himself as this martyr figure who was sacrificing himself for empire
- becomes the first european to see lake nyasa
- published the book ‘missionary travels’ in 1857 - sells 70,000 copies
19
Q
actions of curzon
A
- established the north west frontier province in 1901
- partitioned bengal in 1905
- built irrigation projects and railways to feed over 3 million people
- 1903 = francis younghusband and invasion of tibet
- taj mahal restoration in 1904 (50,000)
- rearmed the native police force
- expanded provincial police
- built 6000 miles of railway track
- formation of imperial cadet corps
- established a commerce and industry department
20
Q
actions of bartle frere 1857-1890
A
- member of the indian civil service + crushed the mutiny
- member of viceroy council in calcutta
- governor of bombay from 1867-1877
- 1877 - becomes high commissioner and governor of cape colony
- he led a planned conferderation of soutern africa (ie cape colony with transvaal) in order to protect the griqua people
- key figure in the anglo-zulu war of 1879 because of attempted conferderation - failed at isandhlwana in 1879 and was controversial in britain
- removed by gladstone in 1880 (bc gladstone doesn’t promote needless expansion)
21
Q
position of curzon
A
- viceroy of india 1899-1906
22
Q
chamberlain’s ideas of imperial preference
A
- reformation of tariffs and impose more protectionist economic policies
- this would give colonies imperial preference and access to the british market, of which this economic choice would encourage them to remain in empire / recognise its benefits
- a tariff reform league was imposed to distribute chamberlain’s ideas of imperial preference (the idea ultimately failed - but had long-term impact in ottawa)
- imperial preference would fuel trade within empire and boost the domestic economy, reduce unemployment
23
Q
nationalism in egypt from 1892
A
- tewfiq died and so hilmi came into power
- hilmi was a key nationalist, who baring forced to submit to the british
24
Q
chamberlain’s imperial values
A
- bonds of empire must be preserved to maintain empire - notion of cohesion and emphasis on imperial unity
- britain can only be a world power if it has a good relationship with colonies
- believed in strong relationships with white settler colonies (ultimately have more political influence)
- wanted an insular and exclusive empire to reinforce the ‘pride’ of being in empire
- promoted colonial development = must invest into less economically prosperous regions = economic development = will support the british
- imperial duty - purpose of colonisation is to fulfill this duty to help develop less developed regions
25
actions of cecil rhodes and his positions, split into 1857-1890, and 1890 onwards
- 1888 = creation of de beers mining corporation
- 1889 = formed the british south africa company
- 1890 = entered a partnership with a diamond syndicate to gain a monopoly
POST 1890
- 1890-1896 = PM of the cape colony, resigned after jameson raid
- 1890 = sends settlers to form fort sailsbury (this was the hand of the shona people)
- 1895 = rhodesia is created by the zambezi river
- 1902 = introduction of the rhodes scholarship with oxford university
26
actions and role of william mackinnon
- worked under the IBEAC in 1888, to help form the lunatic line (ie the mackinnon-sclater road in 1890)
- he also worked under the east african scottish mission, who in 1891, created a missionary institution in south africa (civilising and economic role)
27
tariff reform league
1903
- had over 600 branches by 1910 - extreme support + extensive presence
28
views and political morals of baring
- emphasis on civilising mission and this need for morality
- thought that imposing christianity would be the only way to impose stability of imperialism for it to be long lasting
- egypt was a battle ground between islam and christianity, and that islamic values were undermining the evolution of modern egypt
29
describe the work of john kirk
- became a medical officer for the work of livingstone when discovering the zambezi river in 1857
- he was later stationed in zanzibar as vice consul, because of a british interest in clove and ivory, yet also access to its commerce / having a monopoly
- kirk attempted to outlaw any use of the arab slave trade
- john kirk formed the kirk report after the nembe of brass attack in akassa in 1895, who proposed that the royal niger company became purely administrative
30
actions of wolseley
- fought in the anglo-egyptian war of the 1880s
- led the defeat against pasha at tel-el-kebir
- led the british to retake cairo
31
describe the work of female missionaries
- includes women like mary slessor who was primarily based in nigeria
- she worked against the killing of twins which was condemned in african culture
- also includes amy carmichael who worked with young girls to prevent prostitution
- you could also talk about mary carpenter, who was prominent after the indian mutiny, who advanced female education
- in 1868, she set up training colleges for indian women
32
actions of northey
- was stationed in africa
- formed the 1919 solider settlement scheme to promote migration
33
actions / mindset of milner
- refused to compromise w kruger over issue of uitlander rights in SA (citizenship), leading to him and chamberlain arming and bringing troops into SA
- felt the need to achieve british superiority over africans and boers
- refused to compromise with kruger and promoted war instead
- negotiated the peace at vereeniging
- brought in over 30,000 chinese labour workers in 1904 - coolies scandal to have access to mining - treated really badly
- support SBW
34
describe the work and positions of lugard
- was a representative of the IBEAC, and signed the heligoland-zanzibar treaty so that uganda was under a british sphere of influence in 1890
- 1897 = created a native force to protect nigeria from french agression, and then created the WAFF, which ended when french aggression ended
- high commissioner of nigeria from 1900-1906, and governor of south nigeria from 1912
1907-1912 = became governor of hong kong
35
describe the work and positions of alfred milner
- 1910 = formed the Round Table imperial pressure group
36
how could missionary activity be argued to be beneficial and NOT beneficial to local individuals
beneficial:
typically, work was set up for these local individuals, giving them opportunities to work on farms etc
- native individuals were offered educational opportunities
not beneficial:
- missionaries would face extensive resistance from local people, who did not accept their attempt to impose christianity
- this would delay the imperial mission, because the british needed to fix imperial relations first + had no legitimacy
(ie 1880 anglican church missionary society clash with other missionary societies)
- this displays how often people were fighting the same practices and there was no unity about how to best achieve cohesive and stable rule
37
northey
- administrator in british east africa in 1920
- he instructed government officials to force african labour to work on european farms in 1919 - COLONIAL POLICY AND REPRESSION
- colonial office claims in 1929 that africans can only be forced to undertake paid labour on gov projects, not european ones
- 1922 = high commissioner of zanzibar
38
describe the work of richard burton
- works with speke to find the source of the nile river
- he becomes one of the first europeans to reach lake tanganyika in 1858
- he worked in exploration within zanzibar from 1857-1858, discovering the ivory exports and market there
- 1864 = he debated with speke about the finding the source of the nile
- be authored 43 books on the discovery in west africa, of which were written about african customs, notably in pornography, sexual activity, the rights of women etc
- he was the author of arabian nights
39
describe the work of speke
- works with burton to find the source of the nile river + also discover parts of somaliland in 1855
- also founded lake victoria in 1858
- he becomes one of the first europeans to reach lake tanganyika in 1858
- in 1864, he was arranged with burton to have a debate about lake victoria and lake albert being the source of the nile or part of the nile river
40
actions of kitchner
- parliament refuse to give him 30,000 pounds for his work in SA
- scorched earth policy in SBW
41
herbert samuel
- high commissioner in palestine when the british took the mandate by 1920
- he attempted to promote a representative government of reconciliation between arabs and jews and ensure they both have influence over government policy
- ethnic and religious tensions caused these relations to breakdown
42
attitudes of cecil rhodes to britain and africa
1877 - claimed that being british was the finest race in the world - immense superiority
- thought that british civilisation and control were key to world development
- he claimed it was a duty for the western sphere to dominate africa, and spread this idea of superiority and power
- it was a duty for the british to exert power all the way from north africa, down to the tip of southern africa (cape to cairo)
- he desired this idea of imperial domination to further the interests of humanity, with britain being a 'master race'
- deemed britain as a 'better nation' and felt the need to spread this and help the other people in society
- wanted to bring boer republics (OFS and transvaal) into a south african federation
43
paragraphs to talk about if you discuss consistent / uniform attitudes to empire from 1890-1914
1. party approach
- india?? - hardinge + morley minto (liberal) vs partition in 1905 under tories
- imperial preference / tariff reform
2. attitude to expansion
- ie federation of SA
- ie 1903 tibet
- ie RNC 1900 on west africs
3. public attitudes
- 1906 election - biggest defeat of conservatives against liberals under bannerman
- public attitudes to imperial prefer + reform league
44
what was the death rate in africa by the early 1800s
- 20% of officers died, and over 50% of men died
- was clearly a vulnerable / risky area to be stationed in
45
evelyn baring actions post 1890 in egypt
- continued as consul-general of egypt until 1907 (replaced by gorst)
- imposed the granville doctrine
- he enforced the veiled protectorate of placing british people in key positions of power
- baring disbanded the egyptian army to 2/3 of its size due to a lack of trust
- he placed more emphasis on the need for a civilising mission to 'earn self government'
- he attempted to stop the arab slave trade, he would stop slave labour, stop whips as punishments, stop gambling etc)
- however, he dealt with denshawai badly and was forced to resign
- he was awarded 50,000 for his work in egypt in 1907
*look at flashcards of egypt policy from 1882 (ie irrigation, economic projects army, politics etc)
46
key individuals from 1945-1967
- eden
- atlee
- macmillan
47
edward montagu
- sec of state for india 1917-1922
- promoted the montagu chelmsford reforms which promised eventual self government during the war to obtain the loyalty of indians
- key figure in the government of india act 1919 in advocating for representation in government + more local indian governance
48
harry haig
- he was more liberal and lenient to the idea of self government
- but did not get along well with gandhi
49
rowlatt
- publisher of the rowlatt acts which were merely an extension of the IW defence of india acts
- it imposed draconian measures on the administration of india, including lowering the threshold for indian imprisonment, in which over 800 indians were arrested
50
lord linlithgow
- viceroy of india from 1935-1943
- passed the 1935 government of india act, and so supported the enfranchisement of local indian peoples and greater political representation
- he believed in changing to conserve, so reform would halt the radical nature of nationalism
- he believed in this idea of gradual self government
- he was widely praised in britain for promoting a peaceful and civil relationship, but was criticised by indians for relying on supression and forcing india into the war, with no consultation
51
donald cameron
- governor of tanganyika from 1924-1931
- governor of nigeria 1931-1935
- belief in trusteeship - again, don't feel the need to enforce british rule
- he massively advanced infrastructure development of the region, including in harbours etc
52
william hailey
- governor of the punjab in 1924
- he led the conferences leading up to the 1935 government of india act - liberal in his philosophy and promoted ideas of self governance
53
makerere college
1922
- was a technical school in uganda in offering educational courses by 1935 in vet sci etc
54
phillip mitchell
- gov of kenya
- worked in tanganyika on native affairs
- he extended makerere college and the idea of trusteeship
- shift in administrative principles to be more liberal
