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Study notes - Respiratory > *Interstitial and Occupational Lung Diseases 1 (lecture 1, 2 and 3) > Flashcards

*Interstitial and Occupational Lung Diseases 1 (lecture 1, 2 and 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are interstitial diseases of the lung?

A

Any disease process affecting the lung interstitium/ parenchyma in a diffuse manner i.e. alveoli and terminal bronchi

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2
Q

So interstitial diseases have a restrictive or obstructive lung pattern?

A

Restrictive

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3
Q

What are the characteristic features of interstitial lung disease in terms of the lung tissue?

A

Chronic inflammation

+/- progressive interstitial fibrosis

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4
Q

2 main symptoms of an interstitial lung disease?

A

Breathlessness

Dry cough

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5
Q

What are the 3 main categories, in terms of time, of interstitial lung disease?

A

Acute
Episodic
Chronic (part of systemic disease, exposure to agent, idiopathic)

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6
Q

What are the 4 main types of interstitial lung diseases?

A

ILD of known cause or association
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
Granulomatous ILDs
Other forms of ILD

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7
Q

How is idiopathic interstitial pneumonia categorised?

A

Either idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic Interstitial pneumonia that isn’t IPF

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8
Q

What are the 6 causes of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia that are not idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease
Acute interstitial pneumonia
Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)

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9
Q

What are the 2 most important granulomatous ILDs to remember?

A

Sarcoidosis

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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10
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

A granulomatous disease of unknown cause

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11
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is sarcoidosis?

A

Type 4

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12
Q

What systems are commonly affected by sarcoidosis? (6)

What systems are less commonly affected by sarcoidosis? (4)

A

Commonly:
Lungs, lymph nodes, joints, liver, skin, eyes
Less commonly:
Kidneys, brain, nerves, heart

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13
Q

Are the granulomas in sarcoidosis caseating or non-caveating?

A

non-caseating

TB = caseating

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14
Q

Is sarcoidosis more or less common in smokers?

A

Less

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of sarcoidosis?

A

Acute

Chronic

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of acute sarcoidosis?

A 
Erythema nodosum
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Arthritis
Uveitis, parotitis
Fever
(patient will feel generally unwell)
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17
Q

Symptoms of chronic sarcoidosis?

A 
Lung infiltrates (alveolitis)
Skin infiltrations
Peripheral lymphadenopathy
Hypercalcaemia
Other organs = renal, myocardial neurological, hepatitis, splenomegaly
(symptoms come on more insidiously)
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18
Q

Investigations for sarcoidosis? (5)

A

Chest x-ray (BHL)
CT scan of lungs (peripheral nodular infiltrate)
Tissue biopsy (e.g. transbronchial, skin, lymph node) for non-caeseating granuloma
Pulmonary function (restrictive lung pattern)
Blood tests (ACEI as activity marker - not diagnostic test, raised calcium, raised inflammatory markers)

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19
Q

Treatment of acute sarcoidosis?

A

Self-limiting condition = usually no treatment required - steroids if vital organ affected

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20
Q

Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis?

A

Ora steroids usually needed
Immunosupression e.g. aathioprine, methotrexate, anti-TNF therapy
(monitor chest x-ray and pulmonary function for several years as often relapses)

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21
Q

What is another name for extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

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22
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Type III hypersensitivty (predominantly - there is also a type 4 reaction)

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23
Q

What happens in extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

In sensitised individuals, inhalation of allergens (fungal spores, thermophilic bacteria or avian proteins) causes a hypersensitivity reaction
In the acute phase, alveoli are infiltrated with acute inflammatory cells
With chronic exposure, granulomas form and obliterative bronchiolitis occurs

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24
Q

Types of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by exposure to protein in avian droplets?

A

Bird fanciers lung

Pigeon fanciers lung

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25
Type of extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to exposure to aspergillus clavatus?
Malt workers lung
26
Type of extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to exposure to micropolyspora faeni usually seen in farmers caused by mouldy hay?
Farmers lung
27
Type of extrinsic allergic alveolitis typically seen in people who work with mushrooms due to exposure to thermoactinomyces vulgaris?
Mushroom workers lung
28
Drugs that can cause extrinsic allergic alveolitis? (3)
Gold Bleomycin Sulphasalazine (rheumatoid arthritis) (no cause identified in approx 30% of cases of extrinsic allergic alveolitis)
29
2 types of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Acute | Chronic
30
Symptoms of acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis? | Onset of symptoms?
``` Cough Breathlessness Fever Myalgia Classical several hours after acute exposure ```
31
Signs of acute extrinsic allergic alveolus?
+/- pyrexia Crackles (no wheeze) Hypoxia
32
Appearance of a chest x-ray in a patient with acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Widespread pulmonary infiltrates
33
Treatment of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Oxygen Steroid Antigen avoidance
34
What causes chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Repeated low dose antigen exposure over time (years) leading to progressive breathlessness and a cough
35
Signs of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Crackles - clubbing is unusual
36
Appearance of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis on a chest x-ray?
Pulmonary fibrosis - most commonly in the upper zones
37
Diagnosis of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
History of exposure, preciptins (IgG antibodies to guilty antigen), lung biopsy if in doubt
38
Treatment of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Remove antigen exposure | Oral steroids if breathless or low gas transfer
39
Causes of fibrosis in the upper zones?
``` TB Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Radiotherapy Sarcoidosis ```
40
Causes of fibrosis in the middle zones?
Progressive massive fibrosis
41
Causes of fibrosis in the lower zone?
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Asbestosis
42
Former name of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? (2)
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis | Also known as usual interstitial pneumonia
43
What is the most common interstitial lung disease?
IPF
44
What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Inflammatory cell infiltrate and pulmonary fibrosis of unknown cause (not predominantly an inflammatory condition and therefore doesn't respond well to steroids)
45
What is thought to be the cause of IPD?
imbalance of fibrotic repair mechanism - the lung is trying to repair itself by laying down scar tissue when there is nothing to be repaired
46
Is IPF more or less common in smokers?
More
47
Secondary causes of pulmonary fibrosis that my be ruled out before diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Rheaumatoid, lupus, systemic sclerosis, asbestos, drugs
48
What drugs can cause pulmonary fibrosis?
``` Amiodarone - anti-arrhythmic Busulphan - cancer drug Bleomycin Penicillamine - wilsons disease Nitrofuratoin -antibiotic for UTIs Methotrexate - cancer, etc. ```
49
Symptoms and signs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
``` Progressive breathlessness (several years), dry cough Clubbin, bilateral fine inspiratory crackles ```
50
Investigations for IPF? (4)
PFTs (restrictive pattern) CxR (bilateral infiltrates) CT scan (reticulonodular fibrotic change) Lung biopsy - not needed if CT is diagnostic
51
What is a reticular interstitial pattern?
Complex network of opacities that normally affect the lung diffusely
52
Reticulonodular interstitial pattern?
produced by either, overlap of reticular shadows, or by the presence of reticular shadowing and pulmonary nodules.
53
3 types of reticular interstitial pattern?
fine "ground-glass" (1-2 mm): seen in processes that thicken the pulmonary interstitium to produce a fine network of lines, e.g. interstitial pulmonary oedema medium "honeycombing" (3-10 mm): commonly seen in pulmonary fibrosis with involvement of the parenchymal and peripheal interstitium coarse (> 10 mm): cystic spaces caused by parenchymal descruction, e.g. usual interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
54
What does the presence of a ground glass fibrotic change indicate?
Reversible alveolitis - fibrosis is irreversible
55
What would the pathological appearance of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis be?
Chronic inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils and fibrosis in alveolar walls +/- intra-alveolar macrophages)
56
Treatment of IPF?
Supportive therapy e.g. O2, opiates, palliative care N-acetyl cistein may have anti-fibrotic effects via its anti-oxidant properties Pirfenidone is a new antifibrtoic drug that slows down the progression of the disease but very expensive If the patient is young = lung transplant
57
What is pneumoconiosis?
a disease of the lungs due to inhalation of dust, characterized by inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis.
58
What is coal workers pneumoconiosis?
A common dust disease resulting from inhalation of coal dust particles over 15- 20 years - ingested by macrophages which die, releasing their enzymes and causing fibrosis
59
What is simple pneumoconiosis? (coal workers pneumoconiosis)
A chest x-ray abnormality (no impairment of the lung function) - often with coexisting chronic bronchitis
60
What is progressive massive fibrosis?
Due to progression of CWP - restrictive pattern with breathlessness
61
Caplan's syndrome?
The association between rheumatoid arthritis, pneumoconiosis and pulmonary rheumatoid nodules
62
What is silicosis?
Occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of silica particles (can be wither simple or chronic)
63
Simple silicosis?
Chest x-ray abnormality only (egg shell calcification of hillier nodes)
64
Chronic silicosis?
Restrictive pattern, pulmonary firbossi
65
What 3 categories of disease can asbestos cause?
Pleural disease Pulmonary fibrosis Bronchial carcinoma (asbestos multiplies risk in smokers)
66
What 4 diseases of the pleura can asbestos cause?
Benign pleural plaques - asymtpomatic Acute asbestos pleuritic - fever, pain, bloody pleural effusion Pleural effusion and diffuse pleural thickening - restrictive impairment Malignant mesothelioma
67
What is the name for pulmonary fibrosis due to asbestos exposure? Diagnosis?
Asbestosis - heavy prolonged exposure hisotry, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and restrictive defect, asbestos bodies in sputum, asbestos fibres in lung biopsy
68
What is the pulmonary interstitium made up of? (2)
Alveolar lining cells (types 1 and 2) | Thin elastin-rich connective component containing capillary blood vessels
69
In terms of pathology, what are the 2 stages of interstitial lung disease?
Early stage = alveolitis (injury with inflammatory cell infiltration) Late stage = fibrosis
70
What type of heart failure is associated with late stage lung disease?
Right sided heart failure
71
What are the 2 possible types of biopsy that can be take for interstitial lung disease?
Transbronchial biopsy | Thoracoscopic biopsy - more invasive but more reliable and generates more tissue
72
What are the main types of chronic interstitial diseases?
``` Pulmonary fibrosis (fibrosing alveolitis) Sarcoidosis Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Pneumoconiosis Connective tissue diseases ```
73
Where about does the fibrosis caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis occur?
Subpleural | Basal fibrosis
74
What is honeycomb lung?
the radiological appearance seen with widespread fibrosis and is defined by the presence of small cystic spaces with irregularly thickened walls composed of fibrous tissue = poor prognosis (dilated spaces surrounded by fibrous walls)
75
Types of asbestos fibres from most to least fibrogenic?
Crocidolite (blue) = most (straight - amphibole) Amosite (brown) = intermediate Chrysotile (white) = least (curved - serpentine)
76
What are the 2 basic types of occupational lung disease?
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis | pneumoconiosis
77
What is the type of EAA caused by exposure to loudly sugar cane fibre - thermoactinomyces saccharin?
Bagossosis/ sugar handlers lung
78
What is the type of EAA caused by exposure to contaminated forced-air systems/ heated water reservoirs - s rectivigula/ T vulgaris?
Humidifier/ air-conditioner lung
79
What is the type of EAA caused by exposure to cheese mould? (penicillin casei)
Cheese worker's lung
80
How lung after exposure to asbestos does mesothelioma develop?
Over 20 years (usually 30 - 40)
81
What 2 factors added together have a synergistic effect on increasing chance of developing lung cancer?
Smoking | Asbestos exposure
82
What type of conditions cause mould to grow in houses?
Damp and cold conditions
83
Environmental sources of lung disease? (not occupational)
``` Asbestos Mould Cooking smoke Passive smoking Air/ traffic pollution Nanoparticles ```
84
What are dioxins?
A sub-set of persistent organic compounds that are associated with reproductive and immunological problems - bioaccumulates in people and animal fat (at least 90% come from out diet)
85
What is a notifiable disease?
A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities e.g. legionella

Study notes - Respiratory (29 decks)

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