Intro

Question 1

Antigenic change

Answer 1

Change surface antigens to avoid recognition by host

Question 2

What happens in the presences of ds-RNA?

Answer 2

Interferons are induced due to the viral-infection in the cell, represented by ds-RNA

Question 3

IFN alpha/beta

Answer 3

Inhibits viral protein synthesis, activate leukocytes to kill viruses

Question 4

IFN gamma

Answer 4

Up regulates MHC I and II expression/antigen presentation, activate NK and Tc cells to kill virus-infected host cells. Only produced in immune system cells

Question 5

Degenerate bacteria

Answer 5

Has missing structures that are typical to bacteria

Question 6

What is the size of staph bacteria?

Answer 6

1 micron.

Question 7

Moist heat sterilization

Answer 7

Kills vegetative cells and spores

Question 8

Dry heat sterilization

Answer 8

Kills spores but may leave pyrogens

Question 9

Filtration Sterilization

Answer 9

Great for micro organisms, but not viruses

Question 10

Radiation sterilization

Answer 10

Germicidal UV, ionizing, DNA damage that blocks replication

Question 11

Ethylene oxide gas

Answer 11

Sterilizing heat-sensitive materials, toxic alkylation agent

Question 12

Phenol coefficient

Answer 12

Rating scheme for antibacterial agents, 5 means 5 times as effective as phenol

Question 13

Transition mutation

Answer 13

Purine to purine

Question 14

Transversion mutation

Answer 14

Purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

Question 15

Genetic drift

Answer 15

Small DNA changes

Question 16

Genetic shift

Answer 16

Large DNA change

Question 17

Reassortment of DNA

Answer 17

Mixing of chromosomal elements from different strains

Question 18

Homopolyploidy

Answer 18

Mixing between same strains

Question 19

Heteropolyploidy

Answer 19

Mixing between different strains

Question 20

Only RNA-viruses that can reassort

Answer 20

Bunyaviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Arenaviridae
Reoviridae

Question 21

Competent Cells

Answer 21

Can bind DNA, have DNA uptake, integrate DNA

Question 22

Gram positive competent cells

Answer 22

S. pneumoniae

S. Aureus

Question 23

Transformation

Answer 23

Taking in of new DNA into the cell’s DNA

Question 24

Plasmid Transformation

Answer 24

DNA that can replicate itself that can incorporate new DNA into itself

Question 25

Plasmids Toxins

Answer 25

``` ShigA-like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erthrogenic toxin ```

Question 26

Conjugation

Answer 26

Transfer of plasmids between cells via pilus. Need fertility genes. More in gram negative

Question 27

Transduction

Answer 27

Requires a bacteria virus/phage. Virus takes the DNA to the new cell. DNA will become integrated if possible.

Question 28

Recombination

Answer 28

Occurs in all bacteria and higher species. Requires a Holliday structure. (Picronaviridae is the only virus that can recombine)

Question 29

Illegitimate recombination

Answer 29

Jumping genes/transposons to interrupt thee DNA

Question 30

Complementation

Answer 30

2 copies of expressed genes in one cell

Question 31

Phenotypic mixing

Answer 31

2 viruses in one cell that may produce daughter cells with qualities from both viruses

Question 32

Diffusion Test

Answer 32

Used to determine antibiotic resistant bacteria

Question 33

MIC

Answer 33

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 34

Characteristics of viral genomes

Answer 34

Reproduce via assembly Single or double stranded Segmented or unsegmented

Question 35

Characteristics of Bacterial Genomes

Answer 35

Reproduce via duplication>fission Double stranded Unsegmented

Question 36

Viral Capsid Structure

Answer 36

Protein coat that is resistant to the environment. Subunits=pentamers and hexamers, are made of protomers. Envelope is between host and nucleocapsid. Spikes:glycoprotein projections thru the envelope

Question 37

Viral Propagation: Adsorption

Answer 37

Requires interactionbetween unique viral surface proteins and highly specific host cell surface receptor

Question 38

Viral Propagation: Penetration

Answer 38

Enveloped: fuse and release nucleocapsid into the cell | Naked virus: Nucleocapsid binds to membrane receptor sites, enters via vesicle

Question 39

Viral Propagation: Uncoating

Answer 39

Always occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Eclipse phase (when virus "disappears")