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Clinical Studies > Intro and Autonomous > Flashcards

Intro and Autonomous Flashcards

1
Q

What are potential treatment options for all presenting cases?

A
  • Do nothing
  • Give drugs
  • Surgery
  • Change diet
  • Euthanasia
  • Most involve drugs
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2
Q

If many animals are affected by the same bacterial problem, what is the best way to dispense their antibiotics?

A
  • Put it in their water trough and make sure all of the animals drink
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3
Q

Describe Greasy Pig Disease…

A
  • Caused by a bacteria Staph. hyicus that normally lives on the skin
  • Sometimes it flares up and causes dermatitis where the pigs produce extra sebum from their hair follicles
  • Toxins are produced which are absorbed into the system and damage kidneys and liver
  • Piglets infected during birth from sow’s vagina
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4
Q

What do you need to know about any clinical case?

A
  • History
  • Clinical Exam Findings
  • DDx
  • Lab Tests
  • Diagnosis
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5
Q

What do you as a vet need to know when treating cases with drugs?

A
  • Treatment Objectives
  • Drugs likely to be active
  • Side effects & Interactions
  • Monitoring required?
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Dose
  • Cost
  • Do the benefits outweigh the risks
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6
Q

What is the only drug given in a panic situation?

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

  • dose rate of 20ug/ kg
  • repeat every 5 minutes
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7
Q

What problems do cats have with phenols?

A

They can have problems metabolising them

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8
Q

What is a BAN?

A

British approved name for a drug

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9
Q

What is a USAN?

A

United States Adopted Name for a drug

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10
Q

What are pINN and rINN?

A

Provisional and Recommended International Nonproprietary Names approved by the WHO

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11
Q

What do we as vets need to know about penicillin antibiotics?

A

Narrow and broad spectrum penicillins
- broad unnecessary if you know what the bacteria causing the problem is - don’t want to cause gut problems with other bacteria

  • Procaine penicillin is used quite often
  • penicillin is a safe drug safe to double results to ensure results
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12
Q

Where do you IM inject in pigs?

A

Proximal 1/3 of the neck

- Meat animal

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13
Q

Is SC better than IM?

A

Yes, but if the animal is sick there will be poor circulation to the skin

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14
Q

What must be considered in terms of blood supply under anaesthesia?

A

Poor blood supply to all organs for the length of the surgery
- the lungs get almost all of the C.O

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15
Q

What are positive ionotropes?

A

Drugs that increase the strength of cardiac muscle contraction by increasing amount of intracellular Ca2+ available for binding muscle proteins

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16
Q

What is a sympathomimetic drug?

A

Mimics effect of sympathetic activation of the heart and circulation

  • Stimulates Beta receptors
  • Causes vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle contraction through alpha receptors

Used where blood pressure needs to be raised by stimulating heart and causing vasoconstriction

17
Q

What are Cardiac Glycoside drugs?

A

Drugs used to treat heart failure (oedema caused by a weakened heart) and some arrythmias
- Found in leaf of digitalis plant

18
Q

What is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDI) drug?

A

Drugs used to treat heart failure

19
Q

What are 6 examples of sympathomimetics drugs?

A
  1. Adrenaline
  2. Noradrenaline
  3. Dopamine
  4. Isoprenaline
  5. Dobutamine
  6. Dopexamine
20
Q

What is SVR?

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance

- resistance to blood flow by all of the systemic vasculature

21
Q

What is the half life of adrenaline?

A

2 minutes

- must keep giving it

22
Q

What does an ECG show if there is an adrenaline overdose?

A

Bigger QRS or T wave

23
Q

What are abnormal and normal heart rates for horses under analgesia?

A

Normal: 25-30 bpm
Abnormal: > 50 bpm (tachycardia)

24
Q

What are some side effects of positive inotropes under analgesia?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmias
  • Tolerance
25
Q

How must adrenaline be administered?q

A

IV

- usually given as an infusion bag

26
Q

What is the best way to monitor the effects the surgery is having on an animal under anaesthetics?

A

Blood Pressure changes

27
Q

What is Anaphylaxis?

A

A severe, whole body allergic reaction to a chemical ( often a drug) that has become an allergen
- immune system sensitised after first exposure

Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine which causes: - Airways to Constrict 
- Vasodilatation.
- Decreased CO2 and Permeability of blood vessels
- Oedema
- Tremours
- Collapse
- Increased perfusion 
= 0 Blood Pressure
28
Q

How do you treat anaphylaxis?

A

GIve adrenaline SC or IM
Monitor effects
Only give IV as last resort

29
Q

What are the dose rates for adrenaline?

A

SC: 20ug/kg
IV: 5-20ug/kg
Intratracheally: 20-40ug/kg
Intracardiac (last resort): 2ug/kg

30
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted from?

A

The adrenal glands

31
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Process which causes bleeding to stop - by blood clotting

32
Q

Describe the effects that calcium has on the body?

A
  • Some inotropic effect
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increases C.O
  • Reduces blood flow ro myocardium and brain
  • Don’t use as inotrope
33
Q

What do pain and anaesthesia do to the nervous system?

A

They depress the whole thing

34
Q

What do endotoxins produced by bacteria do to the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Decrease cardiac output and blood pressure

- Cause vasodilation

35
Q

What is the main objective with an animal with acute heart failure?

A

Get oxygenated blood to the myocardium and brain

36
Q

What is the sequence of events that should be in place for treating a patient with acute heart failure?

A
  1. Don’t excite the animal
  2. Give Oxygen
  3. Place large bore IV catheter
  4. Give frusemide IV (1-2 mg/kg/hr
  5. Attach ECG
  6. Make diagnosis by xrays and ultrasounds etc
  7. GIve Drugs
    - vasodilators
    - inotropes
    - antiarrthythmics
    - fluids
37
Q

What is atropine used for?

A

Increasing Heart Rate

Clinical Studies (19 decks)

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