INTRO + Health determinants, equity and interventions Flashcards Preview

Community and Public Health > INTRO + Health determinants, equity and interventions > Flashcards

Flashcards in INTRO + Health determinants, equity and interventions Deck (23)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What is public health?

A

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

2
Q

What are the 4 determinants of health?

A
  • Genes
  • Environment
  • Lifestyle factors
  • Health care (access..etc)
3
Q

What is the difference between equality + equity?

A

Equity is about what is fair + just

Equality is concerned with equal shares

4
Q

What is horizontal equity? Give an example

A

Equal treatment for equal need

E.g. individuals with pneumonia (with all other things being equal) should be treated equally

5
Q

What is vertical equity? Give an example

A

Unequal treatment for unequal need

E.g. individuals w/ common cold vs pneumonia need unequal treatment

E.g. areas with poorer health may need higher expenditure on health services

6
Q

What are the dimensions of health equity?

A

Spatial (geographical)

Social (age, gender, class [socioeconomic], ethnicity)

7
Q

What 7 things can you examine in health equity?

A
  1. Supply of healthcare
  2. Access to healthcare
  3. Utilisation of health care
  4. Health care outcomes
  5. Health status
  6. Resource allocation (health services, education, housing…)
  7. Wider determinants of health (diet, smoking, healthcare seeking behaviour, socioeconomic + physical environment)
8
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health practice?

A
  1. Health improvement
  2. Health protection
  3. Improving services (healthcare)
9
Q

What is health improvement concerned with?

A

Societal interventions aimed at: education, housing, employment, lifestyle improvement, reducing inequalities, family health

10
Q

What is health protection concerned with?

A

Measures to control infectious disease risks, environmental hazards, chemical hazards, radiation, emergency response

11
Q

What is improving services (healthcare) concerned with?

A

The organisation and delivery of safe, high quality services for prevention, treatment, and care

12
Q

How might improving services occur?

A
  • Audit + evaluation
  • Service planning
  • Efficiency
  • clinical governance
13
Q

What types of interventions may be used to improve public health?

A
  • Health service/public health interventions

- Non-health interventions which have an impact on public health (e.g. education)

14
Q

How can public health / non-health interventions be delivered?

A
  • Individual level
  • Community level (more local)
  • ecological (population) level
15
Q

Exam Q: explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention giving an example for each.

A

Primary prevention: aims to prevent the onset of disease (reduce its incidence). E.g. Immunisation or statins to prevent CVD

Secondary prevention: 2 definitions –>

  • aims to detect and treat the disease (already established) early on (asymptomatic stage) (i.e. via screening). E.g. breast cancer screening (Early stages)
  • Also aims to prevent the recurrence of disease e.g. Statins and aspirin after an MI…

Tertiary prevention: Minimise disability and prevent complications of the disease E.g rehabilitation post-stroke

16
Q

Exam Q: Explain the difference between horizontal + vertical equity

A

Horizontal equity: Equal treatment for equal need. E.g. individuals with pneumonia (with all other things being equal) should be treated equally

Vertical equity: unequal treatment for unequal need. E.g. individuals w/ common cold vs pneumonia need unequal treatment. OR areas with poorer health may need higher expenditure on health services

vertical equity shows inequality but is still equitous (fair/just)

OTHER:
Horizontal equity argues that everybody with the same needs should receive the same treatment/access to health care – so two people with diabetes in two different parts of the country should receive the same level of health care. Vertical equity argues that some people have greater needs than others and so should receive unequal treatment, for example it would be equitable for someone with a chronic disease to have more GP appts than someone who is generally healthy.

17
Q

Exam Q: Explain the difference between public health interventions delivered at the population (ecological) and individual levels, using one example for each to illustrate your answer.

A

Was covered in health psychology lecture

Health interventions at population level are aimed at health promotion. It involves enabling people to exert control over the determinants of health, thereby improving health. It is done by public health england. E.g. Change 4 life campaign (or Stoptober)

Individual level interventions is based upon a pt centred approach. it is care responsive to individual needs. E.g., smoking cessation clinics, statin, vaccination?

18
Q

Give an example of a public health intervention delivered at:

  1. An individual level
  2. Community level
  3. ecological (population level)
A
  1. Individual level: smoking cessation clinics
  2. Community/local: Local alcohol sale times capped, AA meetings
  3. Change 4 life (campaigns), stoptober, vaccinations, taxing (sugar tax), cigarette packets/advertising regulations, public smoking ban, congestion charges…
19
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

the effect of the environment on the expression of genes

20
Q

What is allostasis?

A

Stability through change (our physiological systems have adapted to react rapidly to environmental stressors)

21
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

Long-term overtaxation of our physiological systems leads to impaired health (stress)

22
Q

Give some example of how to improve services

A
  • audit + evaluation
  • clinical governance
  • service planning
  • efficacy
23
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of need?

A

What is needed for human’s to reach their full potential + fulfil their life plan