Intro to Arthro (Quiz 3/Exam 3)

Question 1

Define arthrology

Answer 1

-study of joints
-2+ bones united by soft tissues
-joints may allow movement (not always)
-joints are classified by structure and/or motion

Question 2

Define syndesmology

Answer 2

-study of ligaments
-soft tissue attaching bone to bone
-ligaments are composed of collagen fibers
-ligaments are made of microscopic fibrils
-fibrils are visible fibers
-fibrils may have multiple orientations (ex: annulus fibrosis of the IVD)
-ligaments appear white and shiny (bc of collagen and surface membrane)
-ligaments may appear yellowish indicating increased percentage of elastin by up to 30%
-ligaments are very strong and tough (cortex avulsion, if ligaments get pulled too much then the muscles can break and that is horribly painful)

Question 3

Ligaments are composed of ________________

Answer 3

collagen fibers

Question 4

What are the joints and ligaments like of the spinal column?

Answer 4

-very strong and tough (cortex avulsion)
-stretchy and elastic
-stretch= they elongate when pulled
-elastic= they recoil when released
-continuous load produces “ligamentous creep”
-they are flexible to allow joint motions
-slack in neutral position
-taut at the extreme of joint motion
-tension restricts range of motion of the joint

Question 5

Active ROM is caused by the ____________

Answer 5

intrinsic muscles

Question 6

T/F: active ROM is normal ROM of activity

Answer 6

true!

Question 7

passive ROM is caused by ______________

Answer 7

external force

Question 8

T/F: passive ROM is greater than the active ROM

Answer 8

true! this is a 5-10% safety factor (decreases the risk of joint trauma)

Question 9

What are dislocations/subluxations caused by? What happens to the motion?

Answer 9

-caused by external force
-motion beyond maximum ligament tension
-results in tearing and/or joint trauma
- MDs problem (Rx= manipulation)
-subluxations are a misalignment less than a luxation, this is NOT a severe joint trauma, it is a mild local neurological trauma

Question 10

What are tendons? What are they composed of?

Answer 10

-tendons are white, non-contractile part of muscle
-tendons attach to the red, contractile muscle belly to the bone
-tendons are composed of collagen fibrils/fibers
-tendons are less dense than ligaments
-tendon fibers are all parallel to the muscle’s pull
-tendons are loosely attached, have only some stretch

Question 11

tendons are __________ to ___________

Answer 11

muscle to bone

Question 12

ligaments are __________ to _________

Answer 12

bone to bone

Question 13

What is the periosteum? What is it composed of? What is its function? Where is it found?

Answer 13

-membranous covering of bones
-periosteum is composed of collagen fibers
-very dense felt-like mat
-has a random fiber orientation (no pull)
-protects bone
-covers all bone surfaces except tendons, ligament attachments, and joint surfaces
-bone repair occurs here (underside layer of cells = the healing site)

Question 14

What is hyaline/articular cartilage?

Answer 14

-covers joint surfaces
-smooth, hard, shiny, bluish white
-low friction surface for joint movement

Question 15

Suture joints are ________ joints

Answer 15

fibrous

Question 16

What are suture joints? Where are they found?

Answer 16

-interdigitated bone margins with a thin layer of fibrous tissue
-most immoveable of all joints
-found only between the bones of the skull

Question 17

Which joint is the most immoveable of all joints?

test q

Answer 17

suture joints

Question 18

What is another name for peg in socket joints?

Answer 18

gomphosis

Question 19

peg in socket joints, also known as gomphosis, are __________ joints

Answer 19

fibrous

Question 20

What are peg in socket joints (gomphosis)? Where are they found?

Answer 20

-a conical peg received into a conical socket
-teeth into the mandible/maxilla
-move only a little

Question 21

Plate/cleft joints (schindylesis) are _________ joints

Answer 21

fibrous

Question 22

What are plate/cleft joints (schindylesis)? Where are they found?

Answer 22

-a vertical plate received into a cleft
-similar to suture joint
-found in nasal septum into the skull

Question 23

Syndesmosis joints are __________ joints

Answer 23

fibrous

Question 24

What are syndesmosis joints? Where are they found?

Answer 24

-2 bones united by an interosseous membrane
-most moveable fibrous joint
-ex: inferior tibiofibular joint or interspinous joints

Question 25

Which fibrous joint is the most moveable joint?

Answer 25

syndesmosis

Question 26

Cartilaginous joints are ____________________ joints

Answer 26

primary synchondrosis

Question 27

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 27

-2 bones united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
-usually slightly moveable
-has 2 subcategories= primary cartilaginous synchondrosis and secondary cartilaginous symphysis

Question 28

What are primary cartilaginous synchondrosis joints? Where are they found?

Answer 28

-temporary joints only
-found between metaphyses and epiphyses of bones
-synchondrosis joints ossify and disappear at puberty

Question 29

Disc joints are an example of __________________ joints

Answer 29

secondary cartilaginous symphysis

Question 30

What are disc joints? Where are they found?

Answer 30

-2 bones united by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
-fibrous on external surface (annulus fibrosis of the IVD)
-cartilage on the internal surface (nucleus pulposus of the IVD)
-ex: vertebral bodies and pubic symphysis