Intro to Endocrinology

Question 1

Intracrine

Answer 1

active principals act in the same cell that they are produced

Question 2

example of intracrin

Answer 2

reproductive cells

granule cells in ovary follicles

Question 3

autocrine

Answer 3

active principles act on same cells that they are secured from

Question 4

example of autocrine

Answer 4

hormone X from Cell A acts on cell a

Question 5

paracrine

Answer 5

active principals act on adjacent cells from where they’re secreted

Question 6

example of paracrine

Answer 6

in pancreas with somatostatin - regulates glucagon + insulin

Question 7

neurocrine

Answer 7

active principles released from axons and function on dendrites

Question 8

example of neurocrine

Answer 8

neurotransmitters!

Question 9

endocrine

Answer 9

hormones produced in certain cells and function on distant target cells

Question 10

example of endocrine

Answer 10

substance is released from glands

Question 11

endocrinology

Answer 11

study of glands that secrete substances internally - usually in the blood

Question 12

hormones

Answer 12

o Secreted in trace amounts from within an organism
o Transported usually via blood, to a specific site
o Not an energy source
o Act to regulate reactions in order to bring about an appropriate response

Question 13

Sources of hormones - head

Answer 13

pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

Question 14

Sources of hormones - neck

Answer 14

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

Question 15

Sources of hormones - abdomen

Answer 15

pancreas
adrenal 
gut
gonad
liver
kidney

Question 16

Sources of hormones - three other main ones

Answer 16

skin
heart
fat cells

Question 17

chemistry of hormones 3 main classes!!!

Answer 17

tyrosine derivatives
lipids
peptides

Question 18

tyrosine derivatives - 2 classes

Answer 18

1. catecholamines - like DA,NE,E

2. thyroid hormones

Question 19

lipids include the

Answer 19

steroids

Question 20

steroids are all made from what molecule?

Answer 20

cholesterol

Question 21

what are examples of steroid hormones derived from cholesteral?

Answer 21

estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, testostre,

Question 22

what’s a steroid hormone involved with calcium?

Answer 22

vit. D

Question 23

what is a steroid hormone derived from arachidonic acid?

Answer 23

prostaglandins

Question 24

what are some peptide hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

TRH, GnRH, GIH, GRH, CRH

hypothalamic releasing hormones

Question 25

what is the anterior pituitary peptide?

Answer 25

ACTH

Question 26

what are some of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones?

Answer 26

FSH, LH, TSH, HCG

Question 27

what are the peptide hormones with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 27

ADH (vasopressin), Oxytocin

Question 28

what are the peptide hormones that come from the pancreas?

Answer 28

insulin and glucagon

Question 29

what are the peptide hormones that come from the GI tract?

Answer 29

gastrin, CCK, secretin, IGF-1,

Question 30

what is the peptide hormone that comes from the parathyroid gland?

Answer 30

parathrormone

Question 31

what peptide hormone comes from the heart?

Answer 31

atrial naturetic hormone

Question 32

what is the peptide hormone that comes from fat cells??

Answer 32

leptin

Question 33

what kind of hormone is calcitonin?

Answer 33

peptide

Question 34

3 types of action that hormones can have

Answer 34

1. alter transport processes 2. alter genetic activity 3. alter enzyme activity

Question 35

an example of altering transport processes - insulin

Answer 35

insulin stimulates glucose transport in seconds

Question 36

insulin effects glucose transport in what type of cells ? (2)

Answer 36

fat and muscle

Question 37

insulin is a mitogenic hormone, which means??

Answer 37

it stimulates cell division

Question 38

an example of altering genetic activity - estrogen stimulates mRNA for what receptor?

Answer 38

for the progesterone receptor in endometrial cells

Question 39

estrogen priming is

Answer 39

the fact that cells won't respond to progesterone unless they have seen estrogen first

Question 40

three types of responses from hormones

Answer 40

direct permissive synergistic

Question 41

direct response is

Answer 41

like insulin stimulates glucose transport

Question 42

permissive responses are like

Answer 42

cortisol allows epic to stimulate glycogenolysis | basically one hormone allow the other hormone to work

Question 43

synergistic responses are when

Answer 43

2 hormones are working together to get one response | like PRL + insulin + cortisol are needed to stimulate milk formation

Question 44

hormone response depends on 3 things

Answer 44

1. where the receptors are expressed 2. how many of the receptors are expressed 3. hormone concentration present

Question 45

what hormones have receptors intracellular?? (3)

Answer 45

steroids vit. D T3

Question 46

what hormones have cells extracellularly?(2)

Answer 46

1. peptides | 2. catecholamines

Question 47

extracellular receptor example - channel receptors like

Answer 47

calcium or sodium

Question 48

extracellular receptor example - tyrosine kinase like

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

extracellular receptor example - cytokines like

Answer 49

PRL, GH, leptin, gherkin, EPO

Question 50

extracellular receptor example - g-protein associated receptors are

Answer 50

serpentine receptors

Question 51

calcium ions do what to membrane permeability?

Answer 51

they increase membrane permeability

Question 52

what is a bioassay?

Answer 52

something used to measure hormone concentrations in your blood

Question 53

receptors behave like what?

Answer 53

like antiboides

Question 54

hormone response depend on 2 things

Answer 54

``` # of receptor # of hormone molecules ```

Question 55

characteristics of receptors for hormones

Answer 55

``` saturable strict specificity high affinity Kd reversibility biological actions parallel binding ```

Question 56

up regulation is the

Answer 56

increase in number of receptors

Question 57

down regulation is the

Answer 57

decrease in number of receptors

Question 58

serpentine receptors go through the membrane how many times? what are they the receptors for?

Answer 58

7 times; catecholamines (some peptides)