Intro to Hematology

Question 1

what is anemia?

Answer 1

decrease in the circulating red cell mass

Question 2

what can anemia cause?

Answer 2

tissue hypoxia

Question 3

Etiology of Anemia

Answer 3

blood loss, accelerated rbc destruction, decreased rbc production

Question 4

Anemia: Morphology of RBCs

Answer 4

rbc size and MCV (measured corpuscular volume)

Question 5

RBC count

Answer 5

rbsc per unit volume of blood

Question 6

hemoglobin measured

Answer 6

hgb per volume of blood

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

Question 7

hemaocrit

Answer 7

packed rbc volume

spun

Question 8

Rericulocyte count

Answer 8

% immature RBcs in peripheral blood

Question 9

normal reticulocyte %

Answer 9

.5 - 2.5%

Question 10

what causes acute blood loss/

Answer 10

trauma

Question 11

Site of RBC production
Embryo:
Fetus:
Kid:

Answer 11

Yolk Sac
Liver
Bone Marrow

Question 12

Regulation of RBC production

Answer 12

tissue hypoxia induced the production of erythropoetin by kidney

Question 13

Chronic Blood Loss

Answer 13

slight reticulocye develops

* no anemia

Question 14

Most common nutrutiional defiency worldwide

Answer 14

iron deficiency

Question 15

what is iron defiency

Answer 15

defect in hb production (hypochromic) rbcs

Question 16

‘what causes iron defiency

Answer 16

chronic blood loss

Question 17

how does iron get absorbed into marrow?

Answer 17

bound to plasma transferin and incorporated into hemoglobin

Question 18

lab test for iron defiency

Answer 18

blood smear, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum transferrin)

Question 19

Accelerated RBC Destruction

Answer 19

inheritired/intrinsic (enzyme disorder)

Extreinsic (antibody)

Question 20

signs of increased RBC production

Answer 20

reticulocytosis

Erythroid hyperplasia of marrow

Question 21

signs of increased rbc destruction

Answer 21

^ LDH
^ serum unconjugated bilrubin
^increased fecal urobilnogen
decreased haptoglobin

Question 22

hemolysis

* intrinsic

Answer 22

hemoglobin disorder, membrane defect
enzyme defiencies

inherited

Question 23

hemolysis

* extrinisic

Answer 23

immune hemolysis
traumatic hemolysis
parasitic hemolysis

acquired

Question 24

what predominates in most forms of hemolytic anemia

Answer 24

extravascular hemolysis

Question 25

final common pathway of extravascular hemolysis

Answer 25

decreased RBA deformability

Question 26

inheritred enzyme disorder (hemolytis)

Answer 26

g6pd deficiency

Question 27

G6pd deficiency

Answer 27

x-linked recessive (males) | rbc vulnerable to oxidative stress

Question 28

hemoglobin disorders

Answer 28

``` structurally abnormal hgb (sickle cell) strucutrally normal (thalassemia) ```

Question 29

structure of hemoglobin

Answer 29

tetramer of 4 globin chains

Question 30

structural variants (disorder hemoglobin)

Answer 30

single amino acid substituion in chain)

Question 31

hemolysis due to imbalance in globin chain production

Answer 31

Thalassemias

Question 32

excess globin chains precipitate and damage rbcs

Answer 32

thalassemias

Question 33

sickle cell disease

Answer 33

point mutation in beta-globin

Question 34

thalaseemias

Answer 34

imbalance in globin chain production

Question 35

Traumatic Hemolysis | DIC

Answer 35

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 36

decreased rba production

Answer 36

nutrutional defiencies

Question 37

causes Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 37

* various drugs * B 12 defiency * abnorally large erythroid precursors

Question 38

Causes of B12 deficiency

Answer 38

``` impaired absorption (pernicious anemia) inadequte diet ```

Question 39

Von Willebrand disease

Answer 39

decreased levels of qualaive defects of vWF

Question 40

Hemophilla a

Answer 40

F VIII defiency

Question 41

hemophillia B

Answer 41

F IX deficiency

Question 42

hemo a and b (linked)?

Answer 42

x linked recessive

Question 43

acquired bleeding disorder

Answer 43

liver disease, anticoagulant therpay, factor inhibtors, DIC

Question 44

hereditary bleeding disorder

Answer 44

clotting factor deficiency

Question 45

vessel wall abnormality

Answer 45

bleeding disorder

Question 46

decreased platelet #

Answer 46

bleeding disordeer

Question 47

abnormaility in clotting factor

Answer 47

bleeding disorder

Question 48

coagulation test

Answer 48

Prothrombin Time | Partial Thromboplastin Time

Question 49

Prothrombin Time

Answer 49

test for extrinsic and common arms of clotting cascade

Question 50

PAartial Thromboplastin Time

Answer 50

test for the intrinsic and common pathways of the clotting cascade

Question 51

normal hemostatic response

Answer 51

blood vessels plaelets clotting factors (in plasma)

Question 52

platelet plug

Answer 52

platelet adhesion platelet activation platelet aggregation

Question 53

firbin plug

Answer 53

requires generation of thrombin via activiation of coagualtion cascade

Question 54

intravascular cell destruction

Answer 54

results from breach of membrane in ciruclation

Question 55

extravascular rbc destrcution

Answer 55

ingestion by macrophage (spleen) in response to damaged rbc

Question 56

what causes hemoglobin to denature and precipitae in cytoplasm as heinz bodies?

Answer 56

g6pd defiency

Question 57

decrease in marrow mass erythoid rbc precursors

Answer 57

aplastic anemia