Introduction

Question 1

What are the four main features of the anatomical position?

Answer 1

• standing upright
• feet flat on floor
• arms at sides
• palms, face, and eyes facing forward

Question 2

What are the 3 anatomical planes of section?

Answer 2

• Horizontal/Axial/Transverse
• Coronal/Frontal
• Sagittal

Question 3

How does the transverse plane of section divide the body?

Answer 3

divides body into superior and inferior parts

Question 4

How does the coronal plane of section divide the body?

Answer 4

anterior and posterior sections

Question 5

How does the sagittal plane of section divide the body?

Answer 5

divides body into left and right sections

Question 6

position descriptor: superior/inferior

Answer 6

above or below

Question 7

position descriptor: anterior/posterior

Answer 7

in front or behind

Question 8

position descriptor: medial/lateral

Answer 8

closer to or farther from midline

Question 9

position descriptor: proximal/distal

Answer 9

closer to or farther from joint or point of origin

Question 10

position descriptor: superficial/deep

Answer 10

closer to or farther from external surface

Question 11

position descriptor: ipsilateral/contralateral

Answer 11

to the same side or opposite side

Question 12

position descriptor: supine/prone

Answer 12

in anatomical position or flipped 180° in horizontal plane of section

Question 13

position descriptor: rostral (cranial)/caudal

Answer 13

closer to nose/head or closer to tail

Question 14

position descriptor: dorsal/plantar

Answer 14

top or bottom of foot (sole)

Question 15

position descriptor: dorsal/palmar (volar)

Answer 15

back or palm of hand

Question 16

position descriptor: thenar/hypothenar

Answer 16

closer to 1st thumb or to 5th digit

Question 17

What are the main functions of the Integumentary System?

Answer 17

• protection of internal structures
• temperature regulation (homeostasis)
• somatosensation
• storage of water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D

Question 18

What are the key structures of the Integumentary System?

Answer 18

skin, hair, and nails

Question 19

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 19

• biomechanical levers to facilitate movement
• protection of vital organs
• mineral storage
• hematopoeisis

Question 20

What are the key structures of the skeletal system?

Answer 20

bones, cartilage, and joints/associated connective tissue

Question 21

What are two defining features of synovial joints?

Answer 21

• articular cavity separates skeletal elements

- bones covered by hyaline cartilage

Question 22

What is the defining feature of solid joints?

Answer 22

skeletal components held together by connective tissue and there is no articular cavity

Question 23

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Answer 23

sutures-linked by sutural ligament
gomphosis- linked by periodontal ligament
syndesmosis- linked by ligament

Question 24

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 24

synchondrosis- ossification centers separated by cartilage

symphysis-separate bones linked by cartilage

Question 25

What are the main functions of the muscular system?

Answer 25

- movement and posture - respiration - cardiac function - visceral function

Question 26

What are the key structures of the muscular system?

Answer 26

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Question 27

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 27

circulate blood throughout the body

Question 28

What are the key structures of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 28

heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Question 29

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 29

- circulation of interstitial fluid - aid in digestion - immune function

Question 30

What are they key structures of the Lymphatic system?

Answer 30

-lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks and ducts, and specialized lymphoid organs

Question 31

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

Answer 31

- somatic-conscious sensation and motor | - visceral-monitoring and innervating viscera

Question 32

What are the key structures of the Nervous System?

Answer 32

- Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord | - Peripheral nervous system- cranial and spinal nerves

Question 33

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 33

provide oxygen to tissues and vocalization

Question 34

What are the key structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 34

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and accessory muscles

Question 35

What are the main functions of the digestive system?

Answer 35

- break down food - absorb nutrients - excrete solid waste

Question 36

What are the key structures of the digestive system?

Answer 36

GI tract and accessory organs

Question 37

What is the main function of the urinary/excretory system?

Answer 37

filter blood and excrete urine

Question 38

What are the key structures of the urinary/excretory system?

Answer 38

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 39

What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?

Answer 39

- oocyte production - hormone production - gestation - sexual function

Question 40

What are the key structures of the female reproductive system?

Answer 40

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and cervix, vagina, and external genitalia

Question 41

What are the main functions of the male reproductive system?

Answer 41

- sperm production - hormone production - fertilization - sexual functions

Question 42

What are the key structures of the male reproductive system?

Answer 42

testes, sperm pathway structures, accessory glands, external genitalia

Question 43

What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 43

- secrete hormones into circulatory system | - closely interrelated with other organ systems

Question 44

What are the key structures of the endocrine system?

Answer 44

hypothalamus and pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes/ovaries