Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the 4 pleural surfaces?

Answer 1

cervical, costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic

Question 2

What are the 2 pleural recesses?

Answer 2

costomediastinal and costodiaphragmatic

Question 3

What are distinguishing features between right and left lung?

Answer 3

• fissures
• lobes
• impressions

Question 4

What are consistent features of right and left lungs?

Answer 4

• base
• apex
• surfaces (costal and mediastinal)
• borders (inferior, anterior, and posterior)

Question 5

What are distinguishing features of the right and left lungs?

Answer 5

fissures, lobes, impressions

Question 6

What are the three main structures of the lung?

Answer 6

pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and main bronchus

Question 7

How does the relationship between pulmonary artery to bronchus differ in the right and left lung?

Answer 7

• RAiLS

- right anterior and left superior

Question 8

What is the area of bifurcation in the trachea called?

Answer 8

carina

Question 9

What is the difference between right and left bronchi?

Answer 9

right-larger, more vertical

left-narrower, more horizontal

Question 10

What are the borders of the mediastinum?

Answer 10

• superior thoracic aperture
• diaphragm
• sternum
• vertebral bodies

Question 11

What are the mediastinal subdivisions?

Answer 11

super

inferior (anterior, middle, posterior)

Question 12

What divides the inferior mediastinum into 3 parts?

Answer 12

pericardial sac

Question 13

Phrenic nerves travel within which layer of pericardium?

Answer 13

fibrous

Question 14

Which layer lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium?

Answer 14

parietal

Question 15

What is the position of the heart in thorax?

Answer 15

slightly rotated with right chamber anteriorly oriented

Question 16

The right atrium receives deoxy blood from what 2 structures? (circulation and heart)

Answer 16

circulation-SVC and IVC

heart-coronary sinus

Question 17

What are the landmarks of the right atrium?

Answer 17

• auricle
• pectinate muscles
• crista terminalis

Question 18

The right ventricle recieves deoxy blood from right atrium via which valve?

Answer 18

right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

Question 19

What are the landmarks of the right ventricle?

Answer 19

• trabeculae carnae
• papillary muscles (3)
• chordae tendinae

Question 20

Pulmonary valve is the passageway for deoxy blood to travel from right ventricle to lungs?

Answer 20

via pulmonary trunk and arteries

Question 21

What are key features of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 21

semilunar cusps and pulmonary sinuses

Question 22

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from which veins?

Answer 22

pulmonary veins (lungs)

Question 23

What are key features of the left atrium?

Answer 23

• auricle

- smooth walls outside auricle

Question 24

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from left atrium via which veins?

Answer 24

pulmonary veins (lungs)

Question 25

What are key features of the left ventricle?

Answer 25

- trabeculae carnae - papillary muscles (2) - chordae tendinae

Question 26

Which valve is a passageway for oxygenated blood to travel from left ventricle to aorta?

Answer 26

aortic valve

Question 27

What are the key features of the aortic valve?

Answer 27

- semilunar cusps - aortic sinuses - opening for right and left coronary arteries

Question 28

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into (atria/ventricles) and semilunar valves prevent backflow into (atria/ventricles).

Answer 28

atrioventricular-atria | -semilunar-ventricles

Question 29

What are the two remnants of fetal circulation?

Answer 29

- fossa ovalis- shunt between L and R atria | - ligamentum arteriosum- shunt between aorta and pulmonary arteries

Question 30

Which arteries supply muscle and conductive tissues of heart?

Answer 30

coronary arteries

Question 31

How do branches from the two main coronary arteries supply certain areas of the heart?

Answer 31

anastomose

Question 32

Right coronary artery supplies which portions of the heart?

Answer 32

- anterior right atrium - lower left atrium - right ventricle - some left ventricle and septum - most of the conducting tissue

Question 33

What are the major branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 33

- sinu-atrial nodal branch - right marginal branch - posterior interventricular branch

Question 34

Left coronary artery supplies which portions of the heart?

Answer 34

- posterior left atrium - left ventricle - some right ventricle and septum

Question 35

What are the major branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 35

- Anterior interventricular branch (LAD) | - circumflex branch

Question 36

In left-dominant heart, which branch arises from left coronary artery?

Answer 36

posterior interventricular branch

Question 37

What is the main venous structure in coronary vein?

Answer 37

coronary sinus

Question 38

Coronary sinus drains deoxygenated blood into which heart region?

Answer 38

-right atrium

Question 39

What are the major tributaries of the coronary sinus?

Answer 39

- great cardiac vein - middle cardiac vein - small cardiac vein

Question 40

Autonomic division of peripheral nervous system regulates what three things?

Answer 40

- heart rate - contraction force - cardiac output

Question 41

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers contribute to which plexus of nerves?

Answer 41

cardiac plexus

Question 42

What is the function of parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerves?

Answer 42

- decrease heart rate - reduce force of contraction - constrict coronary arteries

Question 43

What is the function of sympathetic trunk in the cardiac plexus?

Answer 43

- increase heart rate | - increase force of contraction

Question 44

Pain fibers follow pathway of sympathetic nerves and enter spinal cord in what region?

Answer 44

T1-T4 levels

Question 45

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 45

- brachiocephalic artery (divides further into right subclavian and right common carotid) - left common carotid - left subclavian

Question 46

Which vascular structures pass through superior mediastinum before draining into superior vena cava

Answer 46

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Question 47

Which vein is found in right posterior mediastinum?

Answer 47

azygous vein

Question 48

Which vein is found in left posterior mediastinum?

Answer 48

hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

Question 49

Which duct passes through posterior mediastinum?

Answer 49

thoracic duct

Question 50

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

Answer 50

parasympathetic innervation to viscera and relay info to CNS

Question 51

What is the function of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and where is it located?

Answer 51

- Innervates muscles of larynx and responsible for vocalization - located in the branch of left vagus nerve

Question 52

Where does the sympathetic trunk pass through?

Answer 52

posterior mediastinum

Question 53

Upper ganglia branches provide sympathetic innervation to which viscera?

Answer 53

thoracic viscera

Question 54

Lower ganglia send splanchnic nerves to supply which viscera?

Answer 54

abdominal and pelvic viscera