Lecture 5

Question 1

horizontal plane motion

Answer 1

rotation:

• internal/external rotation
• pronation/supination

Question 2

frontal plane motion

Answer 2

deviation from midline or limb axis:

• abduction/adduction
• eversion/inversion

Question 3

sagittal plane motion

Answer 3

flexion or extension

Question 4

What is the term for combining horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes?

Answer 4

circumduction

Question 5

What comprises the vertebral column?

Answer 5

• cervical (7)
• thoracic (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacrum (5 fused)
• coccyx (3-4 fused)

Question 6

What are the two components that make up a vertebra?

Answer 6

vertebral body (anterior) and vertebral arch (posterior)

Question 7

What are the special features of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 7

• foramen transversarium-transmit vertebral artery

- atlas and axis

Question 8

What is a special features of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 8

-articular facets and demifacets-articulation with rib heads and tubercles

Question 9

What is a special feature of the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 9

large size to transmit weight

Question 10

What are the shapes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral bodies?

Answer 10

Cervical-short in height, curved surface
Thoracic-heart-shaped
Lumbar-cylindrical

Question 11

Where does bifid spinous processes occur?

Answer 11

Cervical vertebrae

Question 12

Which two vertebrae type contain triangular foramina?

Answer 12

Cervical and Lumbar

Question 13

Which vertebra type contain circular foramina?

Answer 13

Thoracic

Question 14

What is the function of zygapophysial joints?

Answer 14

• synovial joint
• allow/inhibit spinal motion
• connect articular processes

Question 15

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

Answer 15

• symphyses
• shock absorption
• connect adjacent vertebrae

Question 16

What are the two components that make of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 16

• anulus fibrosus: ring of fibrocartilage which limit rotation between vertebrae
• nucleus pulposus: gelatinous center which absorb compression forces

Question 17

What are the 6 spinal ligaments?

Answer 17

• anterior longitudinal ligament
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• supraspinous ligament
• ligamentum nuchae
• interspinous ligaments

Question 18

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 18

prevent hyperextension of vertebral column

Question 19

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 19

prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column

Question 20

What is the function of ligamentum flavum?

Answer 20

resist separation of laminae in flexion

Question 21

What is the function of supraspinous ligament?

Answer 21

connects adjacent vertebral spines

Question 22

What is the function of ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 22

resist flexion of head

Question 23

The ligamentum nuchae is a thickened extension of what two ligaments?

Answer 23

supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

Question 24

What is the function of the interspinous ligament?

Answer 24

blend with supraspinous ligament and ligamentum flava

Question 25

That are the 3 layers of back musculature?

Answer 25

- superficial (appendicular) - intermediate (respiratory) - deep/intrinsic (splenius, erector spinae, and transversospinales)

Question 26

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

Answer 26

scapula and humerus

Question 27

What are the functions of the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?

Answer 27

superior-elevate superior ribs | inferior-depress inferior ribs

Question 28

What nerves innervate the superior and inferior respiratory muscles of the back?

Answer 28

superior-anterior rami of upper thoracic spinal nerve | inferior-anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal nerve

Question 29

What are the deep muscles of the back?

Answer 29

- erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) | - transversospinales (semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores)

Question 30

Which nerve innervates the erector spinae?

Answer 30

posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 31

Where does the spinal cord extend to?

Answer 31

foramen magnum to L1-L2

Question 32

Which section of the spinal cord supplies the upper extremity?

Answer 32

Cervical (C5-T1)

Question 33

Which section of the spinal cord supplies the lower extremity?

Answer 33

Lumbosacral (L1-S3)

Question 34

What is the terminal of the spinal cord called?

Answer 34

conus medullaris

Question 35

What is the terminal filament attaching to the coccyx called?

Answer 35

filum terminale

Question 36

What is the extension of lumbar and sacral nerves called?

Answer 36

cauda equina

Question 37

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?

Answer 37

- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater

Question 38

What are the 2 components of the pia mater?

Answer 38

denticulate ligaments-anchor spinal cord to superficial meningeal layers filum terminale- extension of pia mater that connects spinal cord to coccyx and provide tension to stabilize spinal cord

Question 39

What are the 2 meningeal spaces?

Answer 39

epidural space-located between periosteum lining vertebral canal and dura mater subarachnoid space-located between arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 40

What structures comprise the cross sectional structure of the spinal cord?

Answer 40

- gray matter (cell bodies)-longitudinal columns and horns - white matter (axons)- budles/tracts - sulci/fissures - central canal

Question 41

The anterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?

Answer 41

- from convergence of vertebral artery | - travels along anterior median fissure

Question 42

The posterior spinal artery branches from which artery and where does it travel along?

Answer 42

- branches of posterior inferior cerebellar artery | - travels along posteriolateral sulci

Question 43

Where do the sensory neurons enter in the gray matter?

Answer 43

dorsal (posterior) gray matter

Question 44

Where do the motor neurons exit in the gray matter?

Answer 44

ventral (anterior) gray matter

Question 45

What are spinal nerves comprised of?

Answer 45

one sensory and one motor root

Question 46

A spinal nerve splits into 2 _____.

Answer 46

rami (anterior/posterior) | -each ramus has both sensory and motor fibers

Question 47

Posterior rami supply which muscles?

Answer 47

intrinsic back muscles

Question 48

Which rami supplies majority of the postcranial muscles?

Answer 48

anterior rami (within cervical and lumbosacral enlargements form nerve plexuses that form terminal branches that supply individual muscles or muscle groups)

Question 49

How many cervical vertebra and cervical spinal nerves are there?

Answer 49

- 7 cervical vertebra | - 8 cervical spinal nerves

Question 50

Where do spinal nerves pass through in the vertebrae?

Answer 50

intervertebral foramina

Question 51

Spinal nerves (C1-C7) named for vertebra (above/below) them.

Answer 51

below

Question 52

Spinal nerves T1 and caudal named for vertebra above/below them.

Answer 52

above