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Respiratory System DO > Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange
Acid base balance
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

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2
Q

What is the function of gas exchange in the respiratory system

A

Adds oxygen to blood from air

Removes carbon dioxide from blood into air

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3
Q

What is the function of the acid base balance in the respiratory system

A

Regulation of body pH

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4
Q

How does gas exchange produce energy

A

Cellular respiration

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Producing energy by ‘burning’ oxygen and releasing energy while producing CO2 as a waste product

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6
Q

Which two systems are required for effective gas exchage

A

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

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7
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for in regards to gas exchange

A

Transporting oxygen to tissues

Transporting carbon dioxide away from tissues

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8
Q

What does the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular system allow

A

External respiration

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9
Q

What is external respiration

A

The movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells

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10
Q

In what direction does the pulmonary artery travel

A

Away from the heart

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11
Q

In what direction does the pulmonary vein travel

A

Towards the heart

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12
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do

A

Deliver CO2 to the lungs

Pick up O2

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation opposite to

A

Systemic circulation

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14
Q

How many types of exchange are there

A

3

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15
Q

What occurs in exchange 1

A

Exchange between the atmosphere and lung

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16
Q

What occurs in exchange 2

A

Exchange between the lung and blood

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17
Q

What occurs in exchange 3

A

Exchange between the blood and cells (cellular respiration)

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18
Q

Give an example of when the respiratory and cardiovascular system integrate

A

During the changes that occur in exercise

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19
Q

What types of changes occur in exercise

A

Increase in energy demand by working muscle leads to:

1) Increase in rate and depth of breathing which speeds up substrate (O2) acquisition and waste disposal (CO2)
2) Increase in heart rate and force of contraction which speeds up substrate delivery to muscle via blood and waste removal via blood

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20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

Lungs

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21
Q

What occurs in the gas exchange in lungs

A

O2 from inspired air moved to the blood

CO2 moves from blood to air to be expired

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22
Q

What occurs in systemic capillaries

A

O2 moves from blood to cells

CO2 moves from cells to blood

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23
Q

What occurs in a steady state

A

The net volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time is equal to the net volume exchanged in the tissues in a steady state (this is the same for CO2)

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24
Q

What does a steady state allow

A

Prevents the build up of gas in the circulation which would hinder gas exchange
Helps to ensure supply equals demands

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25
How much O2 and CO2 is consumed and produced per minute
About 250 ml O2 is exchanged (consumed) 200 ml CO2 exchanged (produced)
26
What is the normal breathing rate at rest
10-20 breaths/min
27
What is the normal breathing rate at maximum exercise in adults
40-45 breaths/min
28
What are the components of the respiratory system
``` Nose Pharynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Epiglottis Larynx ```
29
What occurs in the nose
Air enters the body through the nose where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten air
30
What occurs in the pharynx
Air moves from the nose down into the pharynx or throat which is shared with the digestive system
31
What occurs in the trachea
Air moves from the pharynx down toward the lungs through the trachea which is made up of stiff rings of cartilage that support and protect it
32
What occurs in the bronchus
Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchi which lead inside the lungs
33
What are the lungs
These are the main organs of respiration | They have a soft and spongy texture due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them
34
What is the epiglottis
A small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow
35
What is the larynx
Voice box that contains vocal chords which vibrate to produce sound
36
What can the respiratory system be split into
Upper respiratory system | Lower respiratory system
37
What does the upper respiratory system consist of
Mouth Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx
38
What does the lower respiratory system consist of
Trachea Bronchi Lungs
39
What is the lower respiratory system enclosed and bounded by
Enclosed in the thorax | Bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm
40
What does the trachea branch into
``` 2 bronchi (one for each lung) Each bronchus will branch 22 more times before terminating in a cluster of alveoli ```
41
Describe the structure of the larynx, trachea and bronchi
Semi-rigid tubes | The ‘patency’ of the airway is maintained by the c-shaped rings of cartilage
42
Describe the structure of bronchioles
No cartilage | Their patency is maintained by physical forces in the thorax
43
What occurs in the alveoli
Only point of gas exchange
44
What does the conducting zone consist of
Trachea, primary and smaller bronchi
45
What occurs in the conducting zone
The most resistance to air flow
46
What does the respitaory zone consist of
Bronchioles and alveoli
47
How can the airway diameter and resistance to air flow be altered
By the activity of the bronchial smooth muscle
48
What will a contraction cause
Decrease in diameter | Increases the resistance
49
What will relaxation cause
Increase in diameter Decrease resistance
50
How is a cluster of alveoli arranged
Surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries
51
What are alveoli composed of
Type 1 and type 2 cells (Pneumocytes)
52
What do type 1 cells do
Gas exchange
53
What do type 2 cells do
Synthesise surfactant
54
What do alveolar macrophages do
Ingest foreign materials that reach the alveoli
55
Why can gas exchange only occur in the alveoli
They have: Very thin walls Large surface area
56
What can gas exchange not occur in the upper airways
They are too thick | Their function is purely for the conduction of air to and from the alveoli
57
What is the air found in the upper airways known as
Anatomical dead space as they cannot participate in gas exchange
58
What is the respiratory tract lined with
``` Epithelium (psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar) Glands Lymph nodes Blood vessels (nutritive) Ciliated Mucous ```
59
What changes in lining occur between the nose and alveoli
Epithelium becomes more squamous Mucous cells are lost first Cilia lost
60
What are the functions of mucous
Moistens air Traps particles Provides large surface area for cilia to act on
61
What does mucous consist of
Goblet cells and sub-epithelial glands
62
Describe alveoli
A very rich capillary network which has elastic fibres that can recoil The macrophages gather residual dirt and escape to the pharynx/lymph nodes
63
Describe type 1 pneumocytes
Cover 97% of the alveolar surface with simple squamous epithelium
64
Describe type 2 pneumocytes
Consist of phospholipids and protein They reduce surface tension at the alveolar surface Reduce the work of breathing

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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