Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory System DO > Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What 3 factors determine a microorganisms ability to cause infection

A

Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of Microorganism pathogenicities are there

A

Primary, facultative or opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is primary pathogenicity

A

A microorganism that is able to infect hosts at any given opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is faculative pathogenicity

A

A microorganism that requires some help to be able to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is a high amount of microorganisms with faculative pathogenicity seen

A

Clinical settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is opportunisitc pathogenicity

A

Microorganisims that will mainly affect immunocompromised individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 6 upper respiratory tract infections

A 
Coryza (common cold)
Sore throat syndrome
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute epiglottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause acute epiglottis

A 
Haemophilus influenzae (type b - Hib)
Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci
Parainfluenza virus type 4 (rarely)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is acute epiglottis dangerous in babies

A

It can rapidly kill a child due to the inflamed epiglottis increasing the risk of suffocation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 3 lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 4 main respiratory tract defence mechanisms

A

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’ and humidifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of immunity we have

A

Humoral and cellular immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of something in the upper respiratory tract which acts as a filter

A

Nose hairs which can catch some microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what type of conditions does the mucociliary escalator system work best

A

Warm damp environments

Will not work as well when cold air is being breathed in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system further be split into

A

Alveolar macrophages
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two routes of exit in the lung

A

Mucociliary escalator

Interstitial pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What process does the muctociliary escalator have

A

Moves mucus up into the mouth to be swallowed or spat out

It is vital in keeping the LRT sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What process does the interstitial pathway have

A

Uses lymph to reach the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does clearance occur using alveolar macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the macrophages carries along

A

Mucociliary escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the mucociliary escalator if the airway becomes blocked or surface is damaged

A

It will not be able to clear the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three ways in which pneumonia can be classified

A

Anatomical
Aetiological (circumstances)
Microbiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the 3 methods which can be used to classify pneumonia is the most useful

A

Aetiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the 3 methods which can be used to classify pneumonia is appropriate for treatment

A

Microbiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name 6 ateiological pneumonia's
``` Community Acquired Pneumonia Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Atypical Pneumonia Aspiration Pneumonia Recurrent Pneumonia ```
26
Name 6 anatomical pneumonia's
``` Bronchopneumonia Segmental Lobar Hypostatic Aspiration Obstructive, Retention, Endogenous Lipid ```
27
In what population group is hypostatic pneumonia seen and why
Elderly | Their cough reflex may not be as efficient
28
What is bronchopneumonia
An acute infection which causes acute inflammation
29
How does bronchopneumoina present
Bilateral basal patchy opacification which relates to the focal nature of the consolidation
30
What is a common co-morbidity with lobar pneumonia
Pleurisy
31
What is the outcome of most pneumonia's
Most will resolve
32
What are some of the complications of pneumonia
``` Pleural Effusion Empyema Pleurisy Lung abscess Bronchiectasis ```
33
Name 3 things which will occur in the organisation of the lung
COP (cryptogenic organising pneumonia (BOOP)) Constrictive bronchiolitis Mass lesions
34
Is pneumonia able to form scar tissue
Yes
35
What can become obstructed due to a lung abcess
Bronchus
36
What 3 organisms can cause lung abcesses
Staph aureus Some pneumococci Klebsiella
37
What can the metastasis of a lung abscess cause
Pyaemia | Secondary infection causing lung necrosis
38
What is bronchiectasis
The pathological dilatation of the bronchi
39
What can cause bronchietasis
Severe Infective Episode Recurrent Infections - many causes Proximal Bronchial Obstruction Lung Parenchymal Destruction
40
How many cases of bronchiectasis start in childhood
75%
41
What are the main symptoms of bronchiectasis
Cough Abundant purulent foul sputum Haemoptysis Signs of chronic infection
42
What are some other symptoms which can occur with bronchiectasis
Coarse crackles and clubbing
43
How can bronchiectasis be diagnosised
Through a thin section CT | Previously bronchography was used
44
How is bronchiectasis treated
Postural drainage Antibiotics Surgery
45
What could a local bronchial obstruction be caused by
Tumour | Foreign bodies
46
What could a local pulmonary damage be caused by
Bronchiectasis
47
What could generalised lung disease be caused by
Cystic fibrosis | COPD
48
What can aspiration pneumonia be caused by
``` Vomiting Oesophageal Lesion Obstetric Anaesthesia Neuromuscular Disorders Sedation ```
49
What are opportunistic infections
The increased chance of ordinary infections
50
What are opportunistic pathogens
Organisms which are not normally capable of producing disease in patients that have intact lung defences
51
What causes opportunistic infections
Opportunistic pathogens
52
Give 4 example of opportunistic pathogens
Low grade bacterial pathogens Cytomegalovirus Pneumocystis jirovecii Other fungi and yeasts
53
What is FIO2
Fraction of Inspired air that is Oxygen
54
In what two forms can the bulk flow of the air in airways be
Laminar or Turbulent
55
What is the airflow of air in the airways dependant on
Pressure difference
56
What will occur beyond the terminal bronchiole
Diffusion through the blood-air barrier
57
What is the normal PaO2 and PaCO2 levels
``` PaO2 = 10.5 - 13.5 kPa PaCO2 = 4.8 - 6.0 kPa ```
58
When does type 1 respiratory failure occur
When PaO2 falls below 8 kPa | PaCO2 is usally normal or low
59
When does type 2 respiratory failure occur
When PaCO2 is above 6.5 kPa | PaO2 is usually low
60
What happens in type 2 respiratory failure
Retention of CO2
61
What are the 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia
Ventilation / Perfusion imbalance - V/Q Diffusion impairment Alveolar Hypoventilation Shunt
62
When does physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction occur
When the alveolar oxygen tension falls | It can be a localised effect which can cause all vessels to constrict is there is arterial hypoxaemia
63
How is physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction a protective mechanism
It prevents blood from being sent to alveoli which are short of oxygen
64
Where is ventilation/perfusion imbalance seen
Bronchitis/bronchopneumonia | There is some ventilation of the abnormal alveoli however it is not enough
65
What will occur is severe bronchopneumonia
Shunt | A lobar pattern with large areas of consolidation will be seen
66
How saturated is the blood which normally leaves the lung
98%

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions