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Respiratory System DO > Ventilation and Compliance 1 > Flashcards

Ventilation and Compliance 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the volume of the anatomical dead space

A

Approx. 150 mL

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2
Q

What is the anatomical dead space

A

The volume of gas that is occupied by the conducting airways which is not available for gas exchange

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3
Q

What is TV

A

Tidal Volume

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs at each breath

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4
Q

What is ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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5
Q

What is IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

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6
Q

What is RV

A

Residual Volume

The volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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7
Q

What is VC

A

Vital Capacity

Vital Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What is TLC

A

Total Lung Capacity

Total Lung Capacity= vital capacity + the residual volume

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9
Q

What is IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity

Inspiratory Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity

Functional Residual Capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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11
Q

What is FEV1:FVC

A

Fraction of forced vital capacity expired in 1 second

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12
Q

Is pulmonary and alveolar ventilation the same

A

No

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13
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

The total air movement into/out of lungs

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14
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

The fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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15
Q

Is pulmonary or alveolar ventilation functionally more significant

A

Alveolar

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16
Q

Which units are used to measure pulmonary and alveolar ventilation

A

L/min

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17
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases which is equivalent to the percentage of that particular gas in the entire mixture multiplied by the pressure of the whole gaseous mixture

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18
Q

What units are commonly used to express gas

A

mmHg or kPA

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19
Q

Give an example of how to calculate partial pressure

A

Atmospheric Pressure = 760mmHg
Pressure of air we breathe therefore = 760mmHg
21% of air we breathe = O2
Partial pressure of O2 in air we breathe = 21% x 760mmHg = 160mmHg

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20
Q

When is alveolar Po2 and Pco2 constant and when does it vary

A

Constant under normal conditions

Varies during hyper or hypo ventilation

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21
Q

What happens to the partial pressure during hyperventilation

A

Po2 rises to about 120 mmHg and Pco2 falls to about 20 mmHg

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22
Q

What happens to the partial pressure during hyporventilation

A

Po2 falls to 30 mmHg and Pco2 rises to 100 mmHg

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23
Q

What is surfactant

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A

A detergent like fluid produced by type II alveolar cells

24
Q

What does surfactant do

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A

Reduce surface tension on the alveolar surface membrane so reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse

25
Where does surface tension occur
There there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between water molecules
26
State 4 properties of surfactant
1) Increases lung compliance (distensibilty) 2) Reduces lung’s tendency to recoil 3) Makes work of breathing easier 4) Is more effective in small alveoli than large alveoli
27
Why is surfactant more effective in small alveoli
Because surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated
28
When does surfactant production begin
About 25 weeks gestation | Complete by about 36 weeks
29
What stimulates surfactant production
Thyroid hormones and cortisol
30
At what stage of pregnancy does thyroid hormones and cortisol increase
Towards the end of the pregnancy
31
What do premature babies suffer from
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).
32
What is compliance
The change in volume relative to the change in pressure
33
What does compliance represent
The stretch ability of the lungs not the elasticity
34
What does high compliance show
A large increase in lung volume for small decrease in ip pressure
35
What does low compliance show
A small increase in lung volume for large decrease in ip pressure
36
What is emphysema
The loss of elastic tissue, so expiration requires effort
37
What is fibrosis
When fibrous tissue is inert so the effort during inspiration increases
38
What happens to alveolar ventilation in the pressure volume curve
Declines with height from the base to apex
39
What happens to compliance in the pressure volume curve
Declines with height from the base to apex
40
Why does compliance declines with height from the base to apex in the pressure volume curve
The alveoli at the apex are more inflated at FRC At the base the alveoli are compressed between the weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below so are more compliant on inspiration
41
What does a small change in intrapleural pressure cause
A larger change in volume at the base compared with the apex.
42
What are the two forms which lung disease can present as
Obstructive | Restrictive
43
What does obstructive disease cause
Obstruction of airflow, especially during expiration | Increased airway resistance
44
What does restrictive disease cause
Restriction of lung expansion | Loss of lung compliance
45
Name 2 obstructive lung disorders
Asthma | COPD
46
Name two types of COPD
Chronic bronchitis | Emphysema
47
What is chronic bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
48
What is emphysema
Destruction of the alveoli, loss of elasticity
49
Name some restrictive lung disorders
Fibrosis Infant respiratory distress syndrome Oedema Pneumothorax
50
What is a spirometry
The technique commonly used to measure lung function
51
How can the spirometry measurements be classed
Static or dynamic
52
What is a static measurement
Where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled
53
What is a dynamic measurement
Where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is what is being measured
54
What volumes can be measured directly by spirometery
``` Tidal Volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity Vital capacity ```
55
What is the forced expiratory volume in 1 second in fit, healthy males
4L
56
What is the forced vital capacity in fit, healthy males
5L

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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