Introduction to Bones and Joints Flashcards by Ashley Seclon

Q

Bones: General Terms

a bone; pl. ossa; adj. osseous

A

Os

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bones: General Terms

a little bone, e.g. —– of ear

A

Ossicles

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bones: General Terms

to form bone

A

Ossify

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bones: General Terms

a deposit of calcium, not the formation of bone

A

Calcification

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A wing; ____ of sacrum, or ilium

A

Ala

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A rounded knoblike projection of knuckle; ____ of femur and tibia

A

Condyle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A horn; ____ of hyoid bone; pl. cornua

A

Cornu

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

a narrow ridge of bone; the ____ of ilium; pl. crista

A

Crest

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A bony projection on or above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small hammer, a rounded bony prominence

A

Malleolus

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

Any definite or marked bony prominence

A

Process

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A sharp slender process; _____ of ischium; _______ of vertebrae

A

Spine or spinous process

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A sharp slender process; ____ of temporal bone; _____ of radius and ulna

A

Styloid process

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A very large rounded process

A

Trochanter

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small rounded process

A

Tubercle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A small pit or depression

A

Fovea

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bone Prominences, Projections, Depressions

A smooth articular process, an older term for smooth articular surface of the vertebra, ribs, etc

A

Facet

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Function of Bones

A

Protection
Support and framework
Levers

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

A

Long bones
- Miniature Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

Examples of Long bones

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

examples of miniature long bones

A

metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges of the limbs

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

examples of short bones

A

carpal and tarsal bones

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

examples of Flat bones

A

Skull, scapula, ribs, sternum

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Classification of Bones

examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, bones at the base of the skull

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Parts of Long bones

* Proximal or upper extremity (end) * Body or shaft * Distal or lower extremity (end)

Parts of miniature long bones

* base or proximal extremity * body * head or distal extremity

Parts of Short bones

Body, sometimes processes

Parts of Flat bones

Body, other parts

Parts of Irregular bones

Bones, processes

Structure of Bones

* Periosteum * Compact bone * Spongy or cancellous bone * The medullary cavity * The endosteum * Bone marrow * The nutrient foramen * Flat bones * Diploe

# Structure of Bones A membrane that covers all bones with the exception of the articular surface

Periosteum

# Structure of Bones Cortical bone; densely closely knit bone resembling ivory, made up of compact Haversian system

Compact bone

# Structure of Bones Porous loosely- knit bone similar in appearance to a sponge, or honeycomb, or latticework

Spongy or cancellous bone

# Structure of Bones a central cavity extending longitudinally in the shafts of long bones. It contains the bone marrow

The medullary cavity or marrow cavity

# Structure of Bones Membrane that lines the medullary cavities of a long bone

Endosteum

# Structure of Bones Tissue occupying the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in spongy bone and what are its two examples?

Bone Marrow - Red bone marrow - Yellow bone marrow

# Structure of Bones Small opening in the periosteum and opens into a nutrient canal. It carries a nerve artery into bone, and provides a passage for veins and lymphatics

The nutrient foramen

# Structure of Bones consists of thin layers of compact bone lie adjacent to the periosteum covering the external and internal surfaces

Flat bones

# Structure of Bones A layer of spongy bone that lies between the two compact layers

Diploe

Development of bones

Ossification

Two types of development of bones

* Intracartilaginous * Intramembranous

# Ossification The cartilage in the shafts of long bones and in the bodies of some other bones is replaced by bone while in the fetus is still within the uterus

Intracartilaginous Ossification

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous Group of bone cells that make their appearance in the center of the bodies of long and other bones

Primary center of ossification

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous Part of bone formed from a primary ossification and includes the body or shaft

Diaphysis

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous Group of bones that makes its appearance in the end of a bone, or in a bony prominence

Secondary center of ossification

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous The part formed from one or more secondary centers of ossification

Epiphysis

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous Is a larger of cartilage between a diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone, that persist during growing period

Epiphyseal cartilage

# Ossification: Intracartilaginous The end of diaphysis adjacent to an epiphyseal cartilage

Metaphysis

# Ossification * Occurs in the bones of the vault of the skull that form first as membranes * By the division of these bone cells, the membrane is replaced by bone except for the suture

Intramembranous Ossification

# Joints: General Terms a joint; adj. articular; (L) articulatio

Articulation

# Joints: General Terms a joint (G)

Arthron

# Joints: General Terms a joint; adj. arthrodial; pl. arthroses

Arthrosis

# Joints: General Terms a joint

Junctura

# Movements at Joints Movement away or across the median line of the body

Abduction

# Movements at Joints Movement towards or across the median line of the body

Adduction

# Movements at Joints The movement of bending

Flexion

# Movements at Joints The movement of straightening or stretching out

Extension

# Movements at Joints The movement of turning a part to face towards the median line

Inversion

# Movements at Joints The movement of turning a part away from the median line

Eversion

# Movements at Joints The movement of turning a part in one axis

Rotation

# Movements at Joints Movement in a circular direction about a cone shaped axis

Circumduction

# Movements at Joints Bending backwards

Dorsiflexion

# Movements at Joints Extension beyond the normal limit

Hyperextension

# Movements at Joints Flexion beyond normal

Hyperflexion

# Movements at Joints Bending around

Circumflexion

# Movements at Joints Forcibly inverting beyond normal

Forced inversion

# Movements at Joints Turning inward in 1 axis

Internal rotation

# Movements at Joints Turning outwards in 1 axis

External rotation

Classification of Joints

* **Fibrous Joints** /Immovable joints/ Synarthrosis or Synarthrodial Joints * **Cartilaginous joints** /Slightly movable joints/ Ampiarthroses or Ampisrthrodial joints * **Synovial Joints** / Freely Movable Joints / Diarthroses or Diarthrodial joints

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

* Gliding Joints * Hinge Joints * Condylar Joints * Saddle Joints * Pivot Joints * Ball and socket joints

Have a layer of fibrous tissue between the bone ends forming a joint

Fibrous Joints

Have cartilage on the adjacent bone ends with a plate or disc of fibrocartilage uniting the two together

Cartilaginous Joints

Have a joint cavity between the bone ends and are held together by a capsule surrounding the joint

Synovial Joints

Are the ends of the bones forming a joint

Articular surfaces

Cover the bone ends and adjacent bone margins

Articular cartilages

A membrane that surrounds the joint

Articular capsule

Two parts of the Articular capsule

* Inner Synovial membrane * Fibrous Tissue capsule

# Articular capsule Forms the lining for the joint cavity. It does not cover the articular cartilages. It secretes a fluid that lubricates the joints

Inner Synovial membrane

# Articular capsule Lies outside of the synovial membrane, extending from bone to bone, completely encircling the joint. It gives support

Fibrous Tissue capsule

The potential space within the capsule

Joint cavity

Composed of fibrous tissue pass from one bone across the joint to the other bone, inside or outside of the capsule

Ligaments

Frequently cross the joint and tend to give additional support

Muscles

Closed sac of synovial tissue that lies between a muscle or a tendon and an adjacent bone or bony prominence

Bursa

Cartilages at Joints

* Hyaline Cartilage * Fibrocartilage * Elastic Cartilage

# Cartilages at Joints Forms articular cartilages at joints, costal cartilages, nasal and laryngeal cartilages, and the ringlike cartilages of trachea and bronchi (slippery and smooth)

Hyaline Cartilage

# Cartilages at Joints Forms articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semi-lunar cartilages at knee joint, and discs at the wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints

Fibrocartilage

# Cartilages at Joints Forms epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear and auditory tube

Elastic Cartilage

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide over each other during movement Carpal and tarsal joints, joints between articular processes of vertebrae

Gliding Joints

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Have trochlea (pulley-shaped surface) fitting a concave surface to allow an angular motion similar to a hinge Lower end of humerus and the ulna at the elbow, interphalangeal joints

Hinge Joints

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Have a condyle (knuckle-like process) fitting into a concave surface,, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Metacarpophalangeal and wrist joint

Condylar Joints

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Adjacent bone ends are shaped like a western saddle, convex in one direction and concave in the other This allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Saddle Joints

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Are those in a which a rounded bone end is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone so that there is rotation or turning on one axis Joint between the 1st cervical vertebra and tooth-like dens of the 2nd vertebrae, and the proximal radioulnar joint at elbow

Pivot Joints

# Varieties of Synovial Joints Have a globelike end or head fitting into a cup-shaped cavity This allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction Shoulder and hip joints

Ball and socket joints